Comparison of Claudin‐4, BerEP4, Carcinoembryonic Antigen and MOC31 in Serous Fluids Metastases Demonstrate High Sensitivity of Claudin‐4 at Low Cellularity

Abstract

IntroductionClaudin‐4 has been described as a highly sensitive immunocytochemical marker for detection of metastatic carcinoma cells in effusion cytology specimens. This study aims to challenge the performance of claudin‐4 in different types of malignancies and low cellularity specimens, by comparison with other markers in a large cohort of carcinomatous effusion specimens.MethodologyCell block preparations from peritoneal and pleural fluid specimens were retrieved, with malignant (carcinoma) diagnoses confirmed by review of hospital diagnosis code and pathology reports. Claudin‐4, BerEP4, CEA, and MOC31 immunocytochemistry were performed and scored by expression proportion and intensity. Tumor cellularity was assessed for subgroup analysis of low cellularity specimens.ResultsTotally 147 specimens (70 pleural, 77 peritoneal) of 68 lung, 62 breast, 9 gynecological, and 7 gastrointestinal carcinomas were retrieved. The average proportion expression of claudin‐4 was highest (89.6%, vs. CEA 40.5%, BerEp4 18.6%, MOC31 16.8%) and the percentage of strong expression was highest for claudin‐4 (72.1%). Expression levels of claudin‐4 were consistently higher than other markers in subgroups of all primary sites. The difference was more significant for low cellularity specimens. High (≥50%) proportion expression was seen for 96.61% of cases for claudin‐4 (vs. BerEp4 8.77%, CEA 46.55%, MOC31 8.77%, p < 0.001). These factors contributed to a low concordance between claudin‐4 and BerEp4, CEA and MOC31 (K = 0.010–0.043).ConclusionClaudin‐4 is more sensitive than CEA, BerEp4 and MOC31, suitable for low cellularity specimens of most types of metastatic carcinoma and is a robust immunocytochemical marker for carcinoma that can be used solitarily.