Comparison of Clinical Signs, Endometrial Culture, Endometrial Cytology, Uterine Low-Volume Lavage, and Uterine Biopsy and Combinations in the Diagnosis of Equine Endometritis

Amorim, Mariana Diel de; Gartley, Cathy; Foster, Robert A.; Hill, Amy; Scholtz, Elizabeth L.; Hayes, Anthony; Chenier, Tracey

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2015.10.012

Cited by 38 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Mares were examined by transrectal palpation and ultrasound (Aloka 500, Tokyo, Japan) with a 5‐MHz linear transducer as described by Diel de Amorim et al () and categorized into two groups: Oestrus ( n = 5) and Dioestrus ( n = 3). Oestrus was confirmed through identification of uterine oedema, a follicle >25 mm diameter on an ovary, a turgid or flaccid uterus and a soft cervix.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A low volume lavage (LVL) of 250 ml was performed as described in Diel de Amorim et al (). A sterile catheter (Bivona, Partnar Animal Health, Ilderton, ON, Canada) was passed transcervically into the uterine body and seated at the internal cervical os.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transrectal palpation and ultrasonography were used to determine the stage of oestrous cycle and to identify any gross abnormalities. After the transrectal examination, three samples were collected from each mare in the following order: endometrial swab, low volume lavage and an endometrial biopsy, as described by Diel de Amorim et al (). The eight mares enrolled in the study were free of endometritis, based on normal transrectal examination, gross appearance of uterine flush fluid, endometrial cytology, culture and biopsy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of the uterine proteome of mares in oestrus and dioestrus

Maloney

Khan

Chenier

et al. 2018

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Contents Proteomic analysis of mare uterine flush fluid provides a minimally invasive technique for studying protein changes associated with the oestrous cycle. The aim of this study was to identify differentially abundant proteins in the uterine flush fluid of mares in oestrus and dioestrus. In this study, uterine flush fluid samples were collected from eight reproductively healthy mares in either oestrus (n = 5) or dioestrus (n = 3). Proteomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Of 172 proteins identified, six proteins (immunoglobulin lambda‐like polypeptide 1, haemoglobin subunit alpha, alpha‐1B‐glycoprotein, serotransferrin, apolipoprotein A‐1, and haemoglobin subunit beta) were significantly more abundant in oestrus. These proteins may contribute to the endometrial defence system through roles in inflammation, immunity or antimicrobial activity. In other species, some of these proteins have been described as immunoglobulins, negative acute phase proteins or defence agents against micro‐organisms. During dioestrus, immunoglobulin alpha‐1 chain C region‐related, complement factor I, CD 109 antigen and uterocalin, were significantly more abundant. Research in other species suggests that these four proteins contribute to the immune response through proposed immunoregulatory characteristics, complement system involvement or roles in B cell–T cell interactions. In conclusion, ten differentially abundant proteins were identified in the uterine flush fluid of mares in oestrus and dioestrus. Targeted studies on these proteins could elucidate their role in uterine defence mechanisms during the oestrous cycle in the mare.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of the uterine proteome of mares in oestrus and dioestrus

Maloney

Khan

Chenier

et al. 2018

Reprod Domestic Animals

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“…Nevertheless, there is always a risk of misinterpreting false-negative and false-positive culture results (NIELSEN, 2005;LE BLANC and CAUSEY, 2009). Furthermore, positive cultures may not always be associated with endometritis or low fertility rates (DE AMORIM et al, 2016;COCCHIA et al, 2012;RUA et al, 2018). The results of a gold standard, applied to determine the presence or absence of disease, would enable the comparative assessment of bacterial culture and cytology (BLUE, 1987;NIELSEN, 2005;BUCZKOWSKA et al, 2014a;KOZDROWSKI et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of centrifuged liquid-based cytology in the evaluation of the endometrium in mares

Bayram¹,

Gürbulak²,

Gümüşsoy³

et al. 2019

Vet. arhiv

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Endometritis is frequently encountered in brood mare practice and is one of the main causes of infertility. Several methods, including among others cytology, bacteriology and histopathology, are used for diagnosis, however, even the combined use of these methods may not produce a definitive result. The objective of this study was to make an assessment of the diagnostic efficiency of centrifuged liquid-based cytology (LBC) in comparison to the determination of: 1) the presence of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in the uterine epithelium and stratum compactum by histopathology; 2) the presence of PMNs by cytology and 3) the presence of uterine infection by microbiology. Fifty mares of varying age, which belonged to the Jockey Club of Turkey, were used in this study. Endometrial samples were harvested using the cytobrush (CB) and endometrial biopsy (EB) techniques for microbiological, Cytological and histopathological examinations. The comparison of liquidbased cytology (LBC) with histopathological diagnosis (HD), which is considered to be the best standard, showed that the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), predictive value of positive test (PVP), and predictive value of negative test (PVN) of LBC were 0.5000, 0.4000, 0.7692 and 0.6087, respectively. No coherence was detected between the results of these two methods (P = 0.0166). Furthermore, it was ascertained that LBC failed in detecting degenerative and fibrotic alterations in the endometrial glands. LBC slides provide sharp images of well-dispersed cells, and enable greater diagnostic sensitivity and certainty. Thus, as the area examined is small, the identification of the target cells is relatively easy.

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“…The endometrial lavage shows improved sensitivity for culturing bacteria compared to the swab, and is especially sensitive in diagnosing endometritis caused by E. coli , but there is a somewhat higher risk of contamination (LeBlanc et al, 2007 ; Leblanc and Causey, 2009 ), which has been lowed considerably after a double-guarded technique was introduced (Christoffersen et al, 2015 ). The biopsy is preferable over swabs as well, and has been used as a gold standard (Nielsen, 2005 ; Diel De Amorim et al, 2016 ). Whether a biopsy is more sensitive compared to lavage depends on the pathogen involved (Christoffersen et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Invades and Survives in Epithelial Cells

Skive

Rohde

Molinari

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is an opportunistic pathogen of several species including humans. S. zooepidemicus is found on mucus membranes of healthy horses, but can cause acute and chronic endometritis. Recently S. zooepidemicus was found able to reside in the endometrium for prolonged periods of time. Thus, we hypothesized that an intracellular phase may be part of the S. zooepidemicus pathogenesis and investigated if S. zooepidemicus was able to invade and survive inside epithelial cells. HEp-2 and HeLa cell lines were co-cultured with two S. zooepidemicus strains (1-4a and S31A1) both originating from the uterus of mares suffering from endometritis. Cells were fixed at different time points during the 23 h infection assay and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to characterize adhesion and invasion mechanisms. The FESEM images showed three morphologically different types of invasion for both bacterial strains. The main port of entry was through large invaginations in the epithelial cell membrane. Pili-like bacterial appendages were observed when the S. zooepidemicus cells were in close proximity to the epithelial cells indicating that attachment and invasion were active processes. Adherent and intracellular S. zooepidemicus, and bacteria in association with lysosomes was determined by immunofluorescence staining techniques and fluorescence microscopy. Quantification of intracellular bacteria was determined in penicillin protection assays. Both S. zooepidemicus strains investigated were able to invade epithelial cells although at different magnitudes. The immunofluorescence data showed significantly higher adhesion and invasion rates for strain 1-4a when compared to strain S31A1. S. zooepidemicus was able to survive intracellularly, but the survival rate decreased over time in the cell culture system. Phagosome-like compartments containing S. zooepidemicus at some stages fused with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome. The results indicate that an intracellular phase may be one way S. zooepidemicus survives in the host, and could in part explain how S. zooepidemicus can cause recurrent/persistent infections. Future studies should reveal the ability of S. zooepidemicus to internalize and survive in primary equine endometrial cells and during in vivo conditions.

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Comparison of Clinical Signs, Endometrial Culture, Endometrial Cytology, Uterine Low-Volume Lavage, and Uterine Biopsy and Combinations in the Diagnosis of Equine Endometritis

Cited by 38 publications

References 28 publications

A comparison of the uterine proteome of mares in oestrus and dioestrus

A comparison of the uterine proteome of mares in oestrus and dioestrus

The role of centrifuged liquid-based cytology in the evaluation of the endometrium in mares

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Invades and Survives in Epithelial Cells

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