Comparison of contents of five ephedrine alkaloids in three official origins of Ephedra Herb in China by high-performance liquid chromatography

Hong, Hao; Chen, Hubiao; Yang, Dong; Shang, Ming; Wang, Xuan; Cai, Shao Qing; Mikage, Masayuki

doi:10.1007/s11418-011-0528-8

Cited by 39 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Previous studies have researched ephedrine alkaloids in Ephedra plants in their habitats, 3,6,7) but no study of annual variation of ephedrine alkaloids in individual plants has been conducted until now. Therefore, data on ephedrine alkaloids of Ephedra plants cultivated in the field are needed for sustainable cultivation of the plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilization of Ephedrine Alkaloid Content in <i>Ephedra sinica</i> by Selective Breeding and Stolon Propagation

Hiyama

Ozawa

Kumazawa

et al. 2017

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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The Ephedra herb, which has been used in Kampo medicines, originates from terrestrial stems of Ephedra species. It is important to establish cultivation methods and cultivars to secure a stable supply of the Ephedra herb that would meet the quality standards for the ephedrine alkaloids content. In this study, we first grew Ephedra sinica plants derived from seeds in the field for 5 years. Then, for selective breeding of cultivars that could meet the quality standards for the ephedrine alkaloids content, we measured the content of total alkaloids (TAs), ephedrine (Eph), and pseudoephedrine (PEph) in individual plants derived from seedlings and grown for 4 years in the field. The range of the TA content in each individual plant was narrower than that among individual plants grown in the field. Therefore, individual plants were selected according to their TA content, Eph/PEph ratio, and stolon-formation capability. The selected individuals were propagated using stolons, and their TA content was studied for 2 years. In the second year, the TA content in terrestrial stems derived from stolons of the selected individuals was as high as that of their parents. Therefore, it was confirmed that the selected individuals that were propagated using stolons could produce TA reproducibly. This study suggested that selective breeding using stolon propagation is effective for stabilizing Ephedra herb TA content. Key words Ephedra sinica; ephedrine alkaloid content; selective breeding; stolon propagationThe Ephedra herb has been used in traditional Japanese medicines and Kampo medicines. The Japanese Pharmacopeia describes the Ephedra herb as terrestrial stems of Ephedra sinica STAPF, E. intermedia SCHRENK et C. A. MEYER, or E. equisetina BUNGE (Ephedraceae). When stems are dried, they must contain ≥0.7% of total alkaloids (TAs), ephedrine (Eph), and pseudoephedrine (PEph).1) In Japan, the Ephedra herb has been frequently included in Kampo prescriptions, such as Kakkonto, Maoto, and Makyokansekito. However, for obtaining the Ephedra herb, Japan relies on China, which has had export restrictions for the prevention of desertification since 1999.2) Thus, it is necessary to sustainably cultivate Ephedra plants in Japan.Recent studies on ephedrine alkaloids in Ephedraceae have shown that the range of the TA content is wide in each species.3) The Eph content is higher than that of PEph in E. sinica, 4) and the ephedrine alkaloid composition ratio of the Ephedra herb depends on genetic factors. 5) However, other studies have shown that the content of ephedrine alkaloids is affected by environmental factors. 6,7) Even though numerous studies have been conducted on Ephedra plants, there remain questions about ephedrine alkaloids in cultivated Ephedra plants and about cultivation methods for their stabilization. For example, it is not clear how the content of ephedrine alkaloids varies from year to year in individual plants growing in the field, how long cultivated plants maintain their ephedrine alkaloid content in the field, which method...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilization of Ephedrine Alkaloid Content in <i>Ephedra sinica</i> by Selective Breeding and Stolon Propagation

Hiyama

Ozawa

Kumazawa

et al. 2017

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…It is also known as ma-huang, which has been commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. The active constituents in Ephedra herbs are ephedrine alkaloids such as methylephedrine, ephedrine (E), and pseudoephedrine (PE), whose contents and compositions vary based on the plant types, growing conditions, and processing methods of the raw material (1,2). Ephedra (E. intermedia) belongs to family Ephedraceae, and is a genus of no flowering plants belonging to the Gnetales, very near relatives of Angiosperms (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulations, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo release of Ephedra extract from topical preparations using dialysis cellulose membrane and natural rabbit skin

Gul¹,

Jan²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2017

Dissolution Technol.

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Ephedra is herbal medicine used in the treatment of many diseases, especially asthma and urticaria. The aim of this study was to formulate topical formulations as a microemulsion, a gel and an ointment containing the Ephedra extracts of (E. Intermedia), collected from Balochistan, Pakistan and to evaluate their isolation, characterization and in vitro and ex vivo permeability release using markers. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the quantification of markers, and in vitro and ex vivo studies were done by Franz diffusion cells. The kinetics release and permeability was checked by cuprophan dialysis membrane and natural rabbit skin to justify their stability for topical use. Of the three formulations, release behavior of microemulsion and gel was almost the same, and the ointment showed slow release. The cellulose membrane showed faster release than the rabbit skin; this arrangement can be shown as microemulsion > gel > ointment. However, Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics for the three formulations were observed for the membranes. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to assess the impact of release and permeability patterns of different formulations. In vitro and ex vivo experiments can be utilized to develop formulations of traditional medicines.

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“…According to the literatures reported, the ultrasonic extraction method was employed [31]. Hence, we mainly investigated the influence of different solvents on the extraction of the three analytes.…”

Section: Optimization Of the Extraction Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, it is essential to evaluate the quality and safety of raw materials and its preparations. In fact, various analytical methods have been developed to simultaneously separate and determine these effective components in Ephedra Herb and its TCM preparations, such as reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) [5,6], two-dimensional HPLC (2-D HPLC) [7], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [8][9][10][11], and two-dimensional gas chromatography (2-D GC) [12]. Using RP-HPLC methods, the triethylamine (TEA) was usually employed to reduce tailing of peaks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development micellar HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine in Ephedra Herb and traditional Chinese medicinal preparations

Dong

et al. 2015

Acta Chromatographica

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Summary.A micellar high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been described for simultaneous determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine in Ephedra Herb and two traditional Chinese preparations. The separation and determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine were performed using a mobile phase containing 1.75 × 10 −1 mol·L −1 sodium dodecyl sulphate and 0.02 mol·L −1 potassium hydrogen phosphate with 10% (v/v) methanol at pH 3.0, running at 1.5 mL·min −1 by a Venusil XBP C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column at 40 °C. The detected wavelength was set at 210 nm. The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. The main analytical parameters were linearity (r > 0.9990), intra-and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation [RSD %], 0.33-1.63, and RSD %, 1.26-2.20, respectively), limit of quantifications [LOQs], and limit of detections [LODs] (2.6 × 10 −4 and 7.8 × 10 −5 mg·mL −1 for ephedrine, 6.8 × 10 −4 and 2.0 × 10 −4 mg·mL −1 for pseudoephedrine, and 5.0 × 10 −4 and 1.5 × 10 −4 mg·mL −1 for methylephedrine). RSDs of recoveries were <5.5% in the three samples. Based on the optimized chromatographic conditions and the eluted orders, a model of separation mechanism for the analytes was established. The results indicated that the proposed method was an accurate, "green" and cheap method.

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Comparison of contents of five ephedrine alkaloids in three official origins of Ephedra Herb in China by high-performance liquid chromatography

Cited by 39 publications

References 5 publications

Stabilization of Ephedrine Alkaloid Content in <i>Ephedra sinica</i> by Selective Breeding and Stolon Propagation

Stabilization of Ephedrine Alkaloid Content in <i>Ephedra sinica</i> by Selective Breeding and Stolon Propagation

Formulations, characterization, in vitro and ex vivo release of Ephedra extract from topical preparations using dialysis cellulose membrane and natural rabbit skin

Development micellar HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine in Ephedra Herb and traditional Chinese medicinal preparations

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