Comparison of Control Options in Private Offices in an Advanced Lighting Controls Testbed

Jennings, Judith; Rubinstein, Francis; DiBartolomeo, D.L.; Blanc, Steven L.

doi:10.1080/00994480.2000.10748316

Cited by 109 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…Significant savings were found for all space types (see Table 15), and they were consistent with the ranges of savings found in previous studies of the energy impacts of lighting control using occupancy sensors [e.g., Floyd, et al 1995, Rundquist 1996, Jennings et al 1999Maniccia et al 1999;Seattle City Light 1992, Richman et al (1996]. The results demonstrate that both the specific room use and the delay time associated with switching lights off significantly impact the magnitude of the savings.…”

Section: A-3: Lighting Savings Estimation and Lighting Schedulessupporting

confidence: 87%

Energy Savings for Occupancy-Based Control (OBC) of Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems

Zhang¹,

Lutes²,

Liu³

et al. 2013

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Executive SummaryTerminal boxes usually serve a single building zone, controlling the air-flow rate to the zone and reheating the air when it is too cool. Each terminal box has a minimum air-flow rate that ensures the ventilation requirements of the occupants of the zone served are met. This minimum air-flow rate is maintained at a constant value based on the design occupancy of the zone, which often corresponds to the maximum occupancy, because measurements of actual occupancy are not currently used to adjust the flow rate. Therefore, the minimum flow rate must meet the ventilation needs of the fully occupied zone. The total flow rate may be higher than the minimum to provide adequate cooling or heating, but the minimum for ventilation should always be met.In practice, control system integrators and installers often set the cooling minimum air-flow rate for ventilation to between 30% and 50% of the maximum air-flow rate of the terminal box. Building occupancy, however, varies dynamically. Conference rooms, cafeterias, auditoriums, and other assembly spaces are often unoccupied for significant periods of time. Office occupancy varies during the course of a work day, from day to day, and over the longer term because of attendance of meetings elsewhere, business travel, changing room functions, and variations in staffing. The resulting overventilation, during times when the space has less than maximum occupancy or is unoccupied, wastes significant fan energy and causes discomfort for occupants in some spaces (e.g., conference rooms) from overcooling or overheating, especially in interior zones that do not have reheat in the terminal boxes.Common occupancy sensors, which measure whether occupants are present or not, are commonly used for lighting control in conference rooms and other spaces with variable occupancy. They could be used to enable a terminal box to be switched to an occupied standby mode in which the air-flow rate is set to zero when no occupants are in the zone the box serves. If advanced occupancy sensors, which count the actual number of occupants in a room, were used to control terminal boxes, the minimum air-flow rate set point for the terminal box could be reset dynamically based on the actual occupancy sensed. This study evaluates the savings potential from use of occupancy-based control (OBC) of terminal boxes for large office buildings with variable-air-volume (VAV) heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems using both common occupancy sensors and advanced occupancy sensors.Large office buildings were selected for this study because they represent the subsector of commercial buildings with the greatest use of VAV HVAC systems in the U.S. They contribute 4.4 billion ft 2 of floor space and represent 6.1% of the total commercial floor space.Energy savings are determined from estimates of annual energy consumption obtained from simulations of representative large office buildings with and without OBC of terminal boxes and lighting for all 15 U.S. climate zones. The building without ...

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Section: A-3: Lighting Savings Estimation and Lighting Schedulessupporting

confidence: 87%

Energy Savings for Occupancy-Based Control (OBC) of Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems

Zhang¹,

Lutes²,

Liu³

et al. 2013

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“…There is a fair amount of work regarding the influence of user control (vs. automated systems) in office lighting, mainly aiming for a balance between reduced energy consumption and user comfort. Findings suggest that automated systems have the potential to reduce energy consumption [19]. Nevertheless, allowing a user to have control over its lighting has a positive effect on user comfort [20] and may still result in reduced energy consumption, compared to automated systems aiming for legislation standards [21].…”

Section: Relation User and System Control Of Lightingmentioning

confidence: 99%

User interaction with everyday lighting systems

Offermans

Essen

Eggen

2014

Pers Ubiquit Comput

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New lighting technologies create new opportunities that may contribute to people's experience of light. These opportunities are a result of the increased variety and freedom in terms of colour, form factor and connectivity of the lights. To allow people to fully benefit from the potential of such novel lighting systems, there is a need for a new user interaction paradigm. To develop this paradigm, we have to better understand the aspects that play a part in the interaction with lighting, paying special attention to people's motivation for interaction. This paper reports on a context-mapping study that was performed to gain insight in these aspects. As result, we present a set of seven themes that regard the interaction with lighting in the current situation and in the future. These themes provide an overview of the relevant aspects in this domain and contain considerations and opportunities for the design of new interfaces for novel lighting systems. We conclude that people have different levels of lighting needs that are highly dependent on context and that also require control at different levels. The context and lighting needs have a large influence on the extent to which people are motivated to adjust their lighting. Moreover, the lighting interface itself has a large effect on this motivation, mainly influenced by the degrees of freedom, the control location and availability, the degree of automation and general interaction qualities.

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“…Others estimate average energy savings of about 30% 42 . There is a growing literature that addresses the effectiveness of occupancy sensors for controlling office ambient lighting systems, and other studies have evaluated the effectiveness of occupancy-based switching for power management of office equipment [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] . There are often significant differences between observed savings and industry estimated savings that result from the application of these systems.…”

Section: Performance Of Current Occupancy-based Control Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jennings et al studied the energy savings from various lighting control options, including occupancy sensing, light level adjustment, manual dimming, and daylighting, and concluded 20-26% of energy savings could be achieved by occupancy sensing with a 15 to 20-minute time delay 49 . Energy use was monitored for seven months in 99 private offices in a 21-story office building in California, and particularly, energy savings by occupancy sensing was calculated in 35 offices equipped with a manual switch and occupancy sensor.…”

Section: Performance Of Current Occupancy-based Control Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different studies used different baselines to calculate energy savings. Savings calculations based on actual pre-retrofit energy consumption, or energy consumption based on manual switching are more appropriate 45,47,49 than calculations based on an assumed schedule (for example, all lights are on for 10 hours per day). According to studies comparing energy use after installation of occupancy sensors with manual switching as the baseline, energy savings of about 25% can be achieved in private offices with a sensor time delay setting of 20 minutes, which is the lower bound for manufacturer claims.…”

Section: Summary and Prospectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Converging Redundant Sensor Network Information for Improved Building Control

Tiller¹,

Henze²

2007

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This project investigated the development and application of sensor networks to enhance building energy management and security. Commercial, industrial and residential buildings often incorporate systems used to determine occupancy, but current sensor technology and control algorithms limit the effectiveness of these systems. For example, most of these systems rely on single monitoring points to detect occupancy, when more than one monitoring point could improve system performance.Phase I of the project focused on instrumentation and data collection. During the initial project phase, a new occupancy detection system was developed, commissioned and installed in a sample of private offices and open-plan office workstations. Data acquisition systems were developed and deployed to collect data on space occupancy profiles. Phase II of the project demonstrated that a network of several sensors provides a more accurate measure of occupancy than is possible using systems based on single monitoring points. This phase also established that analysis algorithms could be applied to the sensor network data stream to improve the accuracy of system performance in energy management and security applications. In Phase III of the project, the sensor network from Phase I was complemented by a control strategy developed based on the results from the first two project phases: this controller was implemented in a small sample of work areas, and applied to lighting control.Two additional technologies were developed in the course of completing the project. A prototype web-based display that portrays the current status of each detector in a sensor network monitoring building occupancy was designed and implemented. A new capability that enables occupancy sensors in a sensor network to dynamically set the "time delay" interval based on ongoing occupant behavior in the space was also designed and implemented. University of Nebraska -Lincoln Executive SummaryKnowing how many people occupy a building, and where they are located, is a key component of building energy management and security. Commercial, industrial and residential buildings often incorporate systems used to determine occupancy, however, current sensor technology and control algorithms limit the effectiveness of both energy management and security systems. Most current building occupancy detection systems use passive infrared (PIR) and/or ultrasonic technologies, signaling space occupancy based on changes in the temperature or sound profile of a space at a single monitoring point. Yet, commercially available occupancy detection systems and products do not always perform according to specification.There is a growing literature that addresses the effectiveness of occupancy sensors for controlling office ambient lighting systems, and other studies have evaluated the effectiveness of occupancy-based switching for power management of office equipment. This work shows that occupancy sensors reliably deliver significant energy and demand savings in infrequently or unpredictably...

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Comparison of Control Options in Private Offices in an Advanced Lighting Controls Testbed

Cited by 109 publications

References 0 publications

Energy Savings for Occupancy-Based Control (OBC) of Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems

Energy Savings for Occupancy-Based Control (OBC) of Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems

User interaction with everyday lighting systems

Converging Redundant Sensor Network Information for Improved Building Control

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