Comparison of Conventional Direct and Enrichment Culture Methods for <i>Erysipelothrix</i> spp. from Experimentally and Naturally Infected Swine

Bender, Joseph S.; Kinyon, Joann M.; Kariyawasam, Subhashinie; Halbur, Patrick G.; Opriessnig, Tanja

doi:10.1177/104063870902100617

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…In addition, the sensitivity of direct culture isolation may be adversely affected by tissue conditions and antimicrobial treatment of the pig. 1 The aim of the current study was to develop and validate an immunohistochemical (IHC) assay for detection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…?show "fnote_aff1"$^! "content-markup(./author-grp [1]/aff|./author-grp [1]/dept-list)> Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a small, facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive rod that is the cause of swine erysipelas. In addition to pigs, E. rhusiopathiae has also been isolated from many species of both domestic and wild mammals, including humans, in which the disease is referred to as erysipeloid.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The details of the experiment have been previously described. 1 A portion of the pigs (6/14) were treated with antibiotics 24 hr postinoculation. The results obtained by direct culture and IHC assay are summarized in Table 1 individually by tissue (lungs, spleen, heart, and skin) and on a per pig basis.…”

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Development and Validation of an Immunohistochemical Method for Rapid Diagnosis of Swine Erysipelas in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples

2010

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Abstract. The objective of the study was to develop an immunohistochemical (IHC) assay for rapid detection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Serotypes 1a, 1b, and 2 are most frequently associated with clinical disease in pigs. Antiserum against serotypes 1a, 1b, and 2 was produced in rabbits, pooled, and applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of pigs (lungs, heart, spleen, and skin). The results obtained with the IHC assay were compared with direct culture on tissue samples from experimentally inoculated pigs either treated (n 5 6) with antibiotics or untreated (n 5 8) as well as on samples from field cases (n 5 170) submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Iowa State University. The agreement between direct culture and IHC staining was found to be substantial. The results of the present study indicate that the IHC assay is highly sensitive and specific in detecting E. rhusiopathiae antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Results indicated that the IHC is particularly useful in cases in which pigs had been treated with antibiotics prior to submission and in which direct cultures of organs were negative. In addition, the IHC was found to be useful for detection of E. rhusiopathiae antigen in skin lesions, which are often culture negative.

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Development and Validation of an Immunohistochemical Method for Rapid Diagnosis of Swine Erysipelas in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples

2010

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“…1,12,22 Standard laboratory methods (Gram staining, hydrogen sulfide production) were used to confirm Erysipelothrix spp. All isolates were serotyped by using an agar gel precipitation test as previously described.…”

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Erysipelothrix Spp. Genotypes, Serotypes, and Surface Protective Antigen Types Associated with Abattoir Condemnations

et al. 2011

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Abstract. The objective of the current study was to investigate characteristics of Erysipelothrix spp. from slaughter condemnations. Specimens from 70 carcasses with lesions suspect for swine erysipelas were collected at an abattoir in Iowa from October 2007 to February 2009. Erysipelothrix spp. were isolated from 59 of 70 carcasses (84.3%). Abattoir inspectors classified lesions as acute, subacute, or chronic; 8 of 8 (100%) were acute cases, 31 of 32 (96.9%) were subacute cases, and 20 of 30 (66.6%) were chronic cases that were isolation positive. The following serotypes were identified: 1a (40.7%; 24/59), 2 (49.2%; 29/59), 7 (1/59), 10 (1/59), 11 (1/59), and untypeable (5.1%; 3/59). Serotypes 1a and 2 were identified in pigs with acute, subacute, or chronic clinical manifestations, whereas serotypes 7, 10, and 11 were only present in chronic cases. Fifty-seven of the 59 isolates were determined to belong to E. rhusiopathiae, and 2 of 59 of the isolates were determined to be E. tonsillarum by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Surface protective antigen (spa) A was detected in all E. rhusiopathiae isolates but not in E. tonsillarum serotypes 7 and 10. The results of the present study indicate that E. rhusiopathiae serotypes 1a and 2 continue to be commonly isolated from condemned pig carcasses and that spaA is the exclusive spa type in U.S. abattoir isolates. Interestingly, E. tonsillarum, thought to be avirulent for swine, was isolated from systemic sites from 3.4% of the carcasses that were negative for E. rhusiopathiae, indicating the potential importance of this genotype in erysipelas pathogenesis.

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“…Immunohistochemistry techniques have been shown to be highly sensitive and specific, especially when diagnostic specimens include lesions from antimicrobial-treated pigs or chronically affected pigs (16). Our previous studies confirmed that an Erysipelothrix species-selective broth technique is more sensitive than traditional direct plating of regular and contaminated specimens (1). Although the enrichment technique has been used by other countries for a number of years, it has only recently been adopted by diagnostic laboratories within the Midwestern United States (1).…”

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Characterization of Erysipelothrix Species Isolates from Clinically Affected Pigs, Environmental Samples, and Vaccine Strains from Six Recent Swine Erysipelas Outbreaks in the United States

Bender

Shen

Irwin

et al. 2010

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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The aim of this study was to characterize Erysipelothrix sp. isolates from clinically affected pigs and their environment and compare them to the Erysipelothrix sp. vaccines used at the sites. Samples were collected during swine erysipelas outbreaks in vaccinated pigs in six Midwest United States swine operations from 2007 to 2009. Pig tissue samples were collected from 1 to 3 pigs from each site. Environmental samples (manure, feed, central-line water, oral fluids, and swabs collected from walls, feed lines, air inlets, exhaust fans, and nipple drinkers) and live vaccine samples were collected following the isolation of Erysipelothrix spp. from clinically affected pigs. All Erysipelothrix sp. isolates obtained were further characterized by serotyping. Selected isolates were further characterized by PCR assays for genotype (E. rhusiopathiae, E. tonsillarum, Erysipelothrix sp. strain 1, and Erysipelothrix sp. strain 2) and surface protective antigen (spa) type (A, B1, B2, and C). All 26 isolates obtained from affected pigs were E. rhusiopathiae, specifically, serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, and 21. From environmental samples, 56 isolates were obtained and 52/56 were E. rhusiopathiae (serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 6, 9, 12, and 21), 3/56 were Erysipelothrix sp. strain 1 (serotypes 13 and untypeable), and one was a novel species designated Erysipelothrix sp. strain 3 (serotype untypeable). Four of six vaccines used at the sites were commercially available products and contained live E. rhusiopathiae serotype 1a. Of the remaining two vaccines, one was an autogenous live vaccine and contained live E. rhusiopathiae serotype 2 and one was a commercially produced inactivated vaccine and was described by the manufacturer to contain serotype 2 antigen. All E. rhusiopathiae isolates were positive for spaA. All Erysipelothrix sp. strain 1 isolates and the novel Erysipelothrix sp. strain 3 isolate were negative for all currently known spa types (A, B1, B2, and C). These results indicate that Erysipelothrix spp. can be isolated from the environment of clinically affected pigs; however, the identified serotypes in pigs differ from those in the environment at the selected sites. At one of the six affected sites, the vaccine strain and the isolates from clinically affected pigs were of homologous serotype; however, vaccinal and clinical isolates were of heterologous serotype at the remaining five sites, suggesting that reevaluation of vaccine efficacy using recent field strains may be warranted.

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Comparison of Conventional Direct and Enrichment Culture Methods for Erysipelothrix spp. from Experimentally and Naturally Infected Swine

Cited by 29 publications

References 17 publications

Development and Validation of an Immunohistochemical Method for Rapid Diagnosis of Swine Erysipelas in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples

Development and Validation of an Immunohistochemical Method for Rapid Diagnosis of Swine Erysipelas in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples

Erysipelothrix Spp. Genotypes, Serotypes, and Surface Protective Antigen Types Associated with Abattoir Condemnations

Characterization of Erysipelothrix Species Isolates from Clinically Affected Pigs, Environmental Samples, and Vaccine Strains from Six Recent Swine Erysipelas Outbreaks in the United States

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