Comparison of Cost Benefits of New Installation and Retrofitted Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Commercial Buildings

Lani, Nor Hafizi Md; Syafiuddin, Achmad; Yusop, Zulkifli

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99867-1_30

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…As mentioned previously (item 3.2), the RWHS's economic reliability was not evaluated. However, despite this limitation, the obtained results showed significant water savings and water bill reductions (scenarios 3 and 4; Table 6), which are in line with other research outcomes carried out in commercial buildings in Portugal [12,[34][35][36] and elsewhere in the world [4,8,16,28,29,33].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The existing research worldwide focuses predominantly on RWSH installation in residential buildings [17,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Therefore, literature concerning commercial buildings is much more scarce and focused on large buildings [4,8,[28][29][30][31][32], and concerning small buildings is almost inexistent [33]. In Portugal, RWHS have received little research interest and are mainly focused on large commercial buildings [12,[34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Promoting Water Efficiency in a Municipal Market Building: A Case Study

et al. 2023

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This study aimed to determine the water demand of a Municipal Market building to propose water use efficiency measures. The flushing cisterns have the highest water consumption (63.15%), followed by washbasins, restaurant and coffee shop taps, and hairdresser’s showerhead (31.64%). Therefore, the implementation of two main categories of solutions: reducing water consumption through the adoption of efficient devices and installing a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) when drinking water quality is not required, was evaluated. These solutions were organized in four distinct scenarios: (1) Flushing cistern replacement by dual-flush ones; (2) washbasins, restaurant, coffee shop taps, and hairdresser showerhead replacement; (3) scenario 1 combined to a RWHS for recharging the replaced flushing cisterns and (4) combining scenarios 3 and 4. Under scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4, the expected water consumption reduction was 28.36%, 17.06%, 57.36%, and 74.41%, respectively. As a result, the annual water bill reduction was €3835.81 (scenario 1), €2307.07 (scenario 2), €7757.65 (scenario 3), and €10,064.73 (scenario 4). Furthermore, to ensure the harvested rainwater attains the required standard for recharge flushing cisterns, it is advisable to dispose of the first-flush rainwater collected after a long dry period.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promoting Water Efficiency in a Municipal Market Building: A Case Study

et al. 2023

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“…In addition, RWHS reduces the volume of stormwater drained into the drainage system, the flooding risks, and the pressure on natural water resources minimizing the ecological footprint through potable water [15]. Despite the existing research worldwide focusing predominantly on RWHS installation in residential [12][13][14][16][17][18][19][20] and commercial buildings [4,10,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], implementing RWHS in metalworking industries facilities for cleaning or non-critical cooling processes and for activities when drinking water quality is not required (e.g., recharging flushing cisterns and irrigation of green spaces) can be an important tool, helping to reduce the pressure of this industry on traditional water sources [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical and Financial Feasibility Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Using Conventional or Green Roofs in an Industrial Building

et al. 2023

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Given the high annual water consumption for non-potable uses (1112.08 m3, 65%) of an industrial building with a large roof area (4638 m2) located in the Northeast of Portugal, this study aims to evaluate the technical and financial feasibility of a rainwater harvesting system for these uses, considering the existing conventional roof (scenario 1) and adapting a green roof to the existing roof (scenario 2). This evaluation was based on the impact of the two scenarios on the building’s water savings. Under scenarios 1 and 2, the expected water savings were 64.47% and 59.43%, respectively. Therefore, the expected reduction in the annual water bill was €3867.07 + VAT (scenario 1) and €3564.63 + VAT (scenario 2). For scenario 1, considering a reservoir with 70 m3 for non-potable purposes, such as washing the building’s floor and use in industrial machines, and an initial investment of €41,109.13 + VAT, the single payback will be 11.29 years. The single payback for scenario 2 largely exceeded the lifetime of the green roof. However, as they are considered interesting solutions to reduce the negative externalities of industrial settlements, financial incentives could be proposed for the implementation of the green roof in this typology of buildings.

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