Comparison of detection procedures of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in lungs, tonsils, and synovial fluid of slaughtered pigs and their distributions in Thailand

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate whether direct PCR (DP) gave similar results to culture prior to PCR (CPP) for detecting mycoplasmas in different types of pig tissues. A total of 724 samples obtained from lungs, tonsils, or synovial fluids from 270 slaughtered pigs were used. The history of clinical signs, lung score, and the presence of joint lesions were recorded during sample collection. The rates of detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis using both procedures were evaluated. The overall prevalences of M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyosynoviae, and M. hyorhinis were 40.3%, 12.3%, and 64.6%, respectively, and the detection rate depended on the sample type and the procedure used. With lung tissue, DP gave a higher detection rate for M. hyopneumoniae (77.4%) than CPP (38.5%). M. hyorhinis was detected by CPP at 15.6% and 18.1% and by DP at 31.5% and 5.2%, respectively. The positive rate derived from tonsil from CPP was closed to that of DP. Using synovial fluid could not yield any positive M. hyorhinis from CPP whereas 37.2% was positive from DP. In contrast, using sample tissue from lung and tonsil by CPP could show much higher positive number than that of DP. There was a significant relationship between joint lesion and M. hyorhinis detection by DP (P < 0.05) but not for M. hyosynoviae and M. hyorhinis detected by CPP. We speculated that lung was a proper sample for M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis detection by DP and CPP, respectively. Tonsil was likely the community of persistent M. hyosynoviae and M. hyorhinis with highly detection by CPP. Synovial fluid was apparently unsuitable for mycoplasmal culture. The accuracy of mycoplasmal detection may depend upon the type of sample relevant to the detection procedure used.

Occurrence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in slaughter pigs from Southern Brazil

“…In this study, the use of nested-PCR in post-mortem samples showed high levels of M. hyopneumoniae detection, which reinforces its applicability to evaluate the etiological agent presence. Makhanon et al (2012) used pulmonary tissue from slaughter pigs as samples and found a 77.4% M. hyopneumoniae prevalence. According to the authors, this type of sample is the most reliable for the molecular diagnosis of slaughter pigs that are convalescent and pathogen carriers.…”

“…A high prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae in swine herds has been reported, reaching 93.6% (Fablet et al, 2012;Makhanon et al, 2012). The presence of this microorganism in endemically infected areas might be influenced by management practices and the housing conditions of animals, considering that transmission through the airway frequently occurs between closed regions (Sibila et al, 2009).…”

Current Status of &lt;i&gt;M. hyopneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; in Pigs in Grenada, West Indies

“…Nathues et al [19] used a combination of PCR on nasal swabs and ELISA for antibodies in serum. Makhanon et al [24] compared the results of culture and PCR in various tissues of slaughtered pigs for the detection of different species of Mycoplasma. In the present study we used ELISA to detect antibodies in serum.…”

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detectingMycoplasma hyosynoviaeandMycoplasma hyorhinisin pen-based oral, tonsillar, and nasal fluids

“…M. hyosynoviae and M. hyorhinis can be isolated from the tonsils and nasal cavity of experimentally inoculated and naturally exposed animals using standard culture procedures [ 9 15 16 24 ]. However, standard culture techniques are often complicated by overgrowth of other fast-growing bacteria [ 8 22 35 ].…”