Comparison of Different Nanosuspensions as Potential Ophthalmic Delivery Systems for Ketotifen Fumarate

Abstract

IntroductionEye is the most exclusive organ of the body and a wide range of drug delivery systems are employed to deliver the drug into the eye. Presently, conventional eye drops encompass more than 90% of the marketed ophthalmic formulations. However, after using an eye drop, normally up to 5% of the instilled drug passes the cornea and reaches the intraocular tissues. This happens because of quick and vast precorneal drop loss afforded by blinking and high tear fluid output. To this end, controlled drug delivery to the eye has been suggested as one of the remarkable fields of pharmaceutical research. The major problems associated with conventional systems consist of low drug contact time and poor ocular bioavailability as a result of drainage of drug solution, tear turnover and dilution or lacrimation. Moreover, the anatomical barriers and physiological conditions of the eye are also considerable criteria which dominate designing of drug delivery systems. Numerous novel ocular drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanoemulsions (NEs), nanosuspensions (NSs) have been developed to achieve higher bioavailability, controlled ocular delivery, patient compliance, and less side effects.

Multifunctional Microspheres Dual-Loaded with Doxorubicin and Sodium Bicarbonate Nanoparticles to Introduce Synergistic Trimodal Interventional Therapy

“…Doxorubicin/sodium bicarbonate (DOX/NaHCO 3 ) nanosuspensions were prepared by the solvent diffusion method, which was mentioned in the previous study . First, EC and TWEEN 80 were dissolved in acetonitrile.…”

“…Doxorubicin/sodium bicarbonate (DOX/ NaHCO 3 ) nanosuspensions were prepared by the solvent diffusion method, which was mentioned in the previous study. 23 First, EC and TWEEN 80 were dissolved in acetonitrile. Second, DOX chloroform solution and NaHCO 3 aqueous solution were sequentially injected into acetonitrile under rapid stirring.…”

Advanced Formulation Approaches for Ocular Drug Delivery: State-Of-The-Art and Recent Patents

“…The intraocular pressure on the rabbit eye was assessed, for a period up to 12 h, after instillation of the given formulations in the previous referred structure. The results showed that all suspensions presented higher area under the curve (AUC) values in comparison to solutions of drugs with the drugs formulated in nanosuspensions determined to have extensive absorption and increased therapeutic effect in relation to drug solutions [171,175]. Other research carried out by Ali and collaborators related the variable bioavailability of hydrocortisone nanosuspensions formulated using precipitation methodologies with the same parameter on hydrocortisone solutions settled with milling apparatus.…”

A Review on Ocular Novel Drug Delivery Systems of Antifungal Drugs: Functional Evaluation and Comparison of Conventional and Novel Dosage Forms

“…In addition to the prolonged and controlled release of drug, another advantage of these systems for ocular drug delivery is the increase in time the drug is retained in the cul-de-sac without increasing tonicity. [37][38][39][40][41] In a 2016 study, nanosuspensions containing econazole were prepared using methyl-β-cyclodextrin and hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin and various stabilizers, such as polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone k30, poloxamer 407, Tween 80, and Cremophor EL, with the nano-spray dryer technique. To prepare the nanosuspension formulation, nanoparticles were suspended in isotonic buffer and chitosan-hydrochloric acid solution.…”

“…In addition to the prolonged and controlled release of drug, another advantage of these systems for ocular drug delivery is the increase in time the drug is retained in the cul-de-sac without increasing tonicity. 37 - 41 …”