Comparison of Diisononyl Phthalate Migration from Polyvinyl Chloride Products into Human Saliva in Vivo and into Saliva Simulant in Vitro.

Niino, Tatsuhiro; Ishibashi, Tohru; Itoh, Takeshi; Sakai, Senzo; Ishiwata, Hajimu; Yamada, Takashi; Onodera, Sukeo

doi:10.1248/jhs.48.277

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In addition, large amounts of data are di$cult to obtain in vivo for both practical and ethical reasons. Therefore, a simple and reproducible in vitro migration test is required.We found that the results of a 15-min in vitro migration test of DINP from PVC toys by mechanical agitation, especially rotary shaking, were well correlated with the results of in vivo tests over 60 min 14) . We also evaluated the e#ect of experimental conditions on the dialkyl phthalate migration rates into saliva simulant from PVC products using rotary shaking, and we have established a highly reproducible standard procedure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 60%

“…The amounts of migration at 30 and 60 min fell below the linear relationship, and it appeared that the migration of DINP would reach saturation eventually. Therefore, we selected an exper- 14) . E#ect of rotation speed: The DINP migration test from plate A into saliva was undertaken at various speeds of rotary shaking (Fig.…”

Section: E#ect Of Experimental Conditions On Dialkyl Phthalatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The migration rates increased from 20῏ (ambient temperature) to 40῏ (C.V. ῎0.9484). DINP migrated more readily from the PVC polymer into saliva when the polymer was heated 14) . In addition, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the migration rate was smaller at temperatures between 30 and 40῎.…”

Section: E#ect Of Experimental Conditions On Dialkyl Phthalatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regression curves for amount to migration time correspond to the equation y῎0.61xῌ0.03, for 4 data points (5, 10, 15 and 20 min) with 5 replicates per data point. polymer into saliva when the polymer was heated 14) . In addition, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the migration rate was smaller at temperatures between 30 and 40῎.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Simple and Reproducible Testing Method for Dialkyl Phthalate Migration from Polyvinyl Chloride Products into Saliva Simulant.

Niino¹,

Asakura²,

Ishibashi³

et al. 2003

J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn

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We describe a method of mechanical agitation to determine rates of dialkyl phthalate migration from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products into saliva simulant. The method consists of rotary shaking of a sample with 30 mL of saliva simulant (pH 7.0) at 35ῌ in a 50 mL glass tube at 300 rpm for 15 min, then measuring the amount of dialkyl phthalate in the saliva simulant by HPLC with a UV detector. The migration rates of diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) from PVC plates containing about 45῍ (w/w) plasticizer (molded in our laboratory) were identical. However, the migration rates from molded plates containing 13῍ (w/w) DBP were almost double those of DINP and DEHP at the same ratios. In addition, the amounts of DINP that migrated in vitro after rotary shaking for 15 min were equivalent to those in vivo determined in saliva from volunteers who chewed plates for 60 min. The migration rates of dialkyl phthalates from 11 commercially available toys ranged from 15.6 to 85.2 mg/cm 2 /h [relative standard deviation (RSD), 3 to 12῍].Key words: dialkyl phthalate; polyvinyl chloride (PVC) product; saliva simulant; rotation shaking; migration rate Introduction Dialkyl phthalates are widely used as plasticizers to impart softness and flexibility to normally rigid plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Medical devices, toys and child-care articles are often made of PVC and contain diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and/or di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) as the predominant plasticizers 1)ῌ3) . Some dialkyl phthalates have testicular toxicity and other e#ects on the reproductive tracts of male and female animals 4) . The level of toxicity di#ers considerably depending on the nature of the alkyl chain 5) . Wine et al. have identified the testicular toxicity of DBP in rats by reproductive assessment using a continuous breeding protocol 6) . DEHP and DINP are peroxisome proliferators that induce tumors in the rodent liver 7) . Infants are uniquely exposed to dialkyl phthalates, especially DINP, since it is the major plasticizer in toys 3), 8) . The DINP and DEHP migration rates in children chewing or sucking PVC toys has been measured using two types of methods. Adult volunteers have chewed PVC products under controlled conditions (in vivo method) 9)ῌ12) and PVC toys have been shaken or impacted in a saliva simulant in vitro, but the migration rates varied considerably, with poor reproducibility. In addition, large amounts of data are di$cult to obtain in vivo for both practical and ethical reasons. Therefore, a simple and reproducible in vitro migration test is required.We found that the results of a 15-min in vitro migration test of DINP from PVC toys by mechanical agitation, especially rotary shaking, were well correlated with the results of in vivo tests over 60 min 14) . We also evaluated the e#ect of experimental conditions on the dialkyl phthalate migration rates into saliva simulant from PVC products using rotary shaking, and we have established ...

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mentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: E#ect Of Experimental Conditions On Dialkyl Phthalatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E#ect Of Experimental Conditions On Dialkyl Phthalatementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Simple and Reproducible Testing Method for Dialkyl Phthalate Migration from Polyvinyl Chloride Products into Saliva Simulant.

Niino¹,

Asakura²,

Ishibashi³

et al. 2003

J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn

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“…• rapid determination of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, 332 • quantification of plasticizers 351 • leaching of plasticizers from dialyzers, 333,334 • migration of plasticizer to saliva from PVC products chewed by volunteers, 335 • anionic species formed during PVC degradation analyzed with use of ionic conductivity detector, 336 • stabilizer concentration in PVC, 337 • phenol concentration in PVC, 338 • reverse-phase HPLC use for determination of plasticizer hydrophobicity. 339 Gel permeation chromatography, GPC, is used to determine molecular weight and its distribution.…”

Section: Chromatographic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods

Wypych¹

2015

PVC Degradation and Stabilization

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Fungal Bioremediation of the Plasticizer Hazardous Compound di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) in Urine and Blood Bags

et al. 2023

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The hazardous compound di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as polyvinyl chloride plasticizer. The present research studied the fungal biodegradation of DEHP contained in blood and urine bags. Soil-plate method was used for fungal isolation from heavily plastic polluted soil using Martin’s and Sabouraud’s agar media, where DEHP was the sole carbon source. Isolated fungal species were identified morphologically according to Moubasher (Soil Fungi in Qatar and Arab Countries University of Qatar, Qatar The Center for Scientific and Research, 1993) as Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus nigricans. DEHP concentrations were determined in 1 g of soil, urine bags and blood bags to be 0.92, 2.5 and 2.6 g/l, respectively. Samples of both bags (as a sole carbon source) were artificially inoculated with the isolated fungi and incubated for 20 days. As the time increased, the growth increased where Rhizopus nigricans obtained the highest dry weight in urine bags after 20 days of incubation, while A. nidulans had the highest dry weight in blood bags. Also, a sharp declining of initial pH (6.8) reached 4.7 in urine bags with A. niger growth, while reached 2.5 after A. nidulans growth in blood bags. DEHP% decreased as time increased indicating a continuous DEHP utilization by the three fungal species. Aspergillus niger was the most DEHP degrading fungal species in both bags. Scanning electron microscope examination showed an uniform plastic network in both bags before fungal treatment. While, a microporous network was observed on the plastic surfaces in both bags after fungal treatment due to DEHP utilization. The most DEHP metabolizing fungal species were further identified molecularly using internal transcribed spacer primers to be Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus nidulans with accession numbers MZ832174 and MT919276, respectively.

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Comparison of Diisononyl Phthalate Migration from Polyvinyl Chloride Products into Human Saliva in Vivo and into Saliva Simulant in Vitro.

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

A Simple and Reproducible Testing Method for Dialkyl Phthalate Migration from Polyvinyl Chloride Products into Saliva Simulant.

A Simple and Reproducible Testing Method for Dialkyl Phthalate Migration from Polyvinyl Chloride Products into Saliva Simulant.

Analytical Methods

Fungal Bioremediation of the Plasticizer Hazardous Compound di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) in Urine and Blood Bags

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