Comparison of Direct-Injection Spray Development of E10 Gasoline to a Single and Multi-Component E10 Gasoline Surrogate

Numerical Investigation Of Spray Characterization Of Heater-GDI System

“…Engine downsizing has developed the adaptation of Direct Injection system in gasoline engines. Recent study shows that there has been a rapid increase in employing DI on Spark Ignition engines from very limited application to over 46% [3] to achieve Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. Direct injection system provides various advantages such as fuel efficiency, power output, emission performance, alternate fuel accommodation over the conventional port fuel injection system.…”

“…3 shows the detailed view of the heater and the injector near nozzle. The heater consists of spiral coil through which the fuel flows.…”

Spray and Combustion Studies of High Reactivity Gasoline in Comparison to Diesel under Advanced Compression Ignition Engine Conditions

“…This has resulted in difficulties directly comparing results from different institutions. Some common methods to quantify the spray cone angles are listed as follows: a) An angle formed between the injector tip and two intersection points of half the penetration (Zhang et al 2014) with the spray boundary b) An angle formed between two linear fits on the spray boundary between 1.5 mm and 9 mm (Payri et al 2015), between 2 mm and 7 mm (Tang, Zhang, Zhu, et al 2017), from the nozzle tip to 60% of the penetration Palomares 2001), or to 10, 20, 30 (Jung et al 2015b), 45 (Johnson, Naber, and Lee 2012) times the orifice diameter. c) An angle formed by an isosceles triangle with its height equal to 50% of the penetration and its area equal to that of the spray plume prior to 50% of the penetration (Naber and Siebers 1996), or formed by two lateral sides of an isosceles trapezoid with the two bases 2.5 mm and 20% over the liquid length from the injector tip (Siebers 1999) and the area equal to that of the spray plume between the two bases.…”