Comparison of Dynamic Characteristics between Virtual Synchronous Machines Adopting Different Active Power Droop Controls

Progress in control and coordination of energy storage system‐based VSG: a review

“…This review can be used as a guideline for other researchers for future work in the area of VSGs. Advantages Disadvantages [10,12] PI/droop voltage simple and fast configuration rigid and not flexible to sudden changes [66] cascaded control voltage faster response compares with droop controller complex tuning method [15] Krill Herd optimisation voltage optimise the value of the controller parameter to get the best voltage reference value inconsistency to obtain the global optimum of the voltage reference value [22,38] PI/droop frequency easy implementation complex tuning method [27,66] cascaded control frequency combined multiple objective functions under one controller additional measurement required and would complicate the tuning process of the controller [13] PI with self-tuning frequency easy implementation and able to operate under uncertain operating conditions complex tuning method and high tuning time required [14] hybrid control frequency robust controller against fault during grid voltages unbalances condition requires two types of controller at the same time [28] derivative control frequency reduce the first overshoot of frequency responses complex tuning method [31] adaptive dynamic frequency reduce d-axis overshoot, the faster response of d-axis current control, fault ride-through capability by ignoring the effect of the q-axis, the synchronous reference frame controller is not complete [16] FL controller frequency reduce the frequency oscillation further compared with the PI controller under continuous load disturbances difficulty in determining membership function [32] PID with self-tuning OD able to optimise the virtual acceleration according to the RoCoF controller does not react well when the reference power change [13,39] PI with self-tuning OD easy to design and applied complex tuning method and high reaction time [33] adaptive control OD reduce the controller sensitivity and enhanced transient response by increasing the fault CCT initial oscillation response is still high [34] linear control theory OD overcome the unstable low-frequency oscillation and improve the OD complex tuning method [67] bang-bang control OD improve the efficiency of the transient by alternating the inertia/eliminate the transient energy/reduce the oscillation overshoot earlier, faster high-frequency moment of inertia change causes the voltage to oscillate at high frequency as well [35] SRA OD eliminate oscillation during the transition from islanding to the grid or vice versa. Reduced the oscillation to minimal during disturbances to the grid initial voltage spike is higher compared with the n...…”

“…Presently, PI is the most adaptable controller in any industrial application. Owing to its simple structure and easy to design, some VSG controllers use PI to manage the oscillation during transient period [13,22,38,39]. The tuning of PI coefficient in VSG control guided by the eigenvalue sensitivity matrix of the linearised model is investigated in [39].…”

“…5. The proposed addition widens the control range and increases the speed of regulation as used in [22]. PI controller is used to find the reference value of reactive power, where the controller incorporated the power factor, the voltage deviation limit and error.…”

Secondary frequency regulation scheme based on improved virtual synchronous generator in an islanded microgrid

“…Today, the widely used VSG control scheme is based on the second-order model proposed in 2009 [7], which simulates the characteristics of rotor inertia, damping, and electromagnetic of SG, comprehensively, and is beneficial for the improvement of system stability. However, the scheme only can provide limited inertia support for microgrid to realize the PFR (primary frequency regulation) of the system, and fail to SFR (secondary frequency regulation), which limited its further application [8].…”

Transient Stability Analysis of Islanded AC Microgrids with a Significant Share of Virtual Synchronous Generators

“…However, no implementation method is discussed. In [18], two different VSG implementation ways are introduced and compared detailed in terms of the droop and damping constants. However, the determination of the primary parameters, e.g., virtual inertia and damping constant, is still needed to be researched.…”