“…Many previous studies have examined the effectiveness of various exercises to increase the flexibility of PM and the activity of LT and SA, including stretching techniques of PM (Borstad & Ludewig, 2005, 2006Muraki et al, 2009;Roddey, Olson, & Grant, 2002;Wang, McClure, Pratt, Nobilini, &, 1999;Williams, Laudner, & McLoda, 2013) and strengthening exercises focusing on the LT and SA muscles (Arlotta, LoVasco, & McLean, 2011;Ekstrom, Donatelli, & Soderberg, 2003;Ha et al, 2012;Hardwick, Beebe, McDonnell, & Lang, 2006;Pontillo, Orishimo, Kremenic, McHugh, Mullaney, & Tyler, 2007). Of these various exercises, the selfstretching technique (Borstad & Ludewig, 2006) and gross stretching technique (Williams et al, 2013) resulted in significant increases in the length of PM compared to the other stretching techniques.…”