Comparison of environmental fate and transport process descriptors of explosives in saline and freshwater systems

Brannon, James M.; Price, Cynthia B.; Yost, Sally L.; Hayes, Charlotte A.; Porter, Beth E.

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.10.008

Cited by 54 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…12 Also, it has been shown that these sorption processes can act very quickly for TNT when dissolved in either fresh or saline waters (Brannon et al, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of TNT in seawater microcosms

Harrison

Vane

2010

Water Science and Technology

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The ability of two differing marine sediments (one clayey, the other sandy) to attenuate the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), dissolved in intertidal seawater from the eastern English coast of the North Sea, was examined using aerobic microcosms. Analysis of the seawater from the microcosms revealed an initial sharp decline in TNT concentration with clayey sediment in both sterilized (to prevent microbial activity) and unsterilized microcosms. This effect did not occur to such a marked extent in similar sterile and non-sterile sandy sediment microcosms and was attributed mainly to sorption of TNT to the fine clay particles of the clayey sediment.As time progressed, the attenuation of TNT in microcosms containing either type of sediment was found to be less in those that had been sterilized compared with those where microbial action proceeded unhindered. Feeding the microcosms, (i.e. supplying extra carbon sources for the microbial communities), appeared to have a small, but perceptible, enhancing effect upon TNT dissipation. The attenuation of TNT was also measured in large microcosms containing 2.5L of seawater and no 2 sediment. Analysis of the seawater revealed a gradual decline in TNT concentration in non-sterile and fed microcosms compared to their sterile counterpart. Overall, this laboratory study showed that the attenuation of TNT is slow (half-life in seawater ca.1900 days; half-life sand sediment <700 days; half life in clay sediment 130 days) under conditions commonly encountered in coastal waters of the North Sea.

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“…12 Also, it has been shown that these sorption processes can act very quickly for TNT when dissolved in either fresh or saline waters (Brannon et al, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of TNT in seawater microcosms

Harrison

Vane

2010

Water Science and Technology

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“…3,4 The low vapor pressure of explosive compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine further reduces the probability of detecting explosives signatures. 5 However, manufacturing impurities in TNT, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), have relatively higher vapor pressures 6,7 than does TNT and offer a potentially better chemical tracer for detection of explosives from UXO. The effectiveness of chemical sensors and their potential usefulness for detecting buried explosives can be determined by understanding the fate and transport of the explosives chemical signatures in soil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6,8 Field measurements of chemical transport from buried landmines also have been conducted. 9 -11 However, data on processes controlling the migration of explosives chemical signatures through soil from UXO and other sources under unsaturated conditions are limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vapor-Phase Transport of Explosives from Buried Sources in Soils

Ravikrishna

Valsaraj

Price

et al. 2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Generally, clay and organic carbon content show an inverse correlation with uptake of TNT by plants. TNT shows higher affinity to sorb on clay-rich soils and sediments compared to RDX [17]. Also, both dissolved (DOM) and particulate (POM) organic carbon associate with munitions [18].…”

Section: Candidates For Tnt and Rdx Phytoremediationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Phytoremediation of Explosive-Contaminated Soils

et al. 2015

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In order to select appropriate plant species for phytoremediation of explosive compounds, phytotoxicity, uptake proficiency, capability of the plant to degrade/transform the compounds, and several environmental factors need to be considered. The environmental factors comprise climatic attributes, soil type, the water environment, root penetration depth, contaminant kinetics, and bioavailability. Out of the plant species that have shown efficient TNT uptake, there are only a few that can do so in a variety of environments, which is imperative in case of contaminants that are widespread, such as TNT and RDX. The two most effective species for TNT uptake reported to date are Eurasian water milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum and vetiver grass, Chrysopogon zizanioides. For RDX phytoremediation, reed canary grass, fox sedge, and rice have shown promise, although degradation of RDX in the plant tissue is limited. Over the past few decades, a considerable amount of information on phytotoxicity and metabolism of TNT and RDX in plants and microorganisms have been collected, which has led to the identification of potential plant species for use in TNT and RDX phytoremediation, as well as candidate genes for developing effective transgenic plants. Recent research has also revealed promising non-transgenic approaches, such as use of chaotropic agents for enhanced solubilization and uptake of TNT, which could prove to be practical and effective for military sites. Field trials of some of these promising new technologies are necessary for the development of effective, lowcost, and environmentally friendly phytoremediation of explosive-contaminated sites.

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Comparison of environmental fate and transport process descriptors of explosives in saline and freshwater systems

Cited by 54 publications

References 4 publications

Attenuation of TNT in seawater microcosms

Attenuation of TNT in seawater microcosms

Vapor-Phase Transport of Explosives from Buried Sources in Soils

Phytoremediation of Explosive-Contaminated Soils

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