Comparison of equations for the calculation of LDL-cholesterol in hospitalized patients

Abstract

Highlights• We evaluated the Friedewald Equation and three other recently developed formulae.• The de Cordova, Chen & Hattori formulae were used in patients with co-morbidities.• More than 14 000 lipid profiles were compared with direct measurement of LDL-C.• The Hattori formula showed the best performance over all lipid values.• Alternative formulae should be implemented in hospitalized patients. Conclusions: We observe favorable correlations of the de Cordova formula withFriedewald at low TG values. However, the Hattori formula appears to be best for application in hospitalized patients, even at extreme lipid values.

Comparison and Validation of 10 Equations Including a Novel Method for Estimation of LDL-cholesterol in a 168,212 Asian Population

“…Martins et al recently reported that the Hattori formula performed the best in hospitalized patients when compared to the Friedewald, Chen and Cordova equations. 27 Although direct LDL-C measurement was used for reference value in comparisons (as in our study), the use of different reagents and instruments for lipid measurements as well as different ethnicities and populations with various health conditions might have caused the discordant findings with our results. On the contrary, Oliveira et al concluded that the Friedewald equation showed the best accuracy when compared to the Chen, Anandaraja, and Vujovic (which was not included in this study) formulas.…”

Comparison of Formulas for Calculating Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in General Population and High-risk Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

“…Since Scharnagl et al first reported the underestimation of the Friedewald formula, 12) a number of other studies have described the underestimation and inaccuracy of the Friedewald formula, especially in extreme lipid values and with comorbidities. 7) 8) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) Most alternative formulas have been developed using multivariate linear regression analysis with LDL-C as a dependent variable and total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and TG as independent variables. 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 18) Unlike the other formulas, the Anandaraja formula was developed in order to calculate LDL-C without using HDL-C as an independent variable.…”

“…Although such various LDL-C formulas have been developed, only a small number of studies have compared them. 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) LDL-C can be measured to identify high-risk individuals in the mass screening, as well as to assess an individual's cardiovascular risk among known high risk patients. 1) 2) 3) 4) 19) However, previous studies have not separately compared the accuracy of calculated LDL-C in both the general population and in high-risk patients of CVD.…”

Calculation of LDL‐Cholesterol vs. Direct Homogenous Assay

“…In the current study, the profile of serum lipids and (apo)lipoproteins was applied to identify the independent predictors of LDLc and propose the most accurate formula for calculating serum LDLc. Various equations have been derived to calculate serum LDLc by linear regression analysis (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). The concentration of LDLc has been measured directly by beta-quantification (5,6,21) or the new homogeneous assay (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

“…The number of these formulae has been increased because the homogenous direct assay of LDLc is easier and more available than beta-quantification. In the more recent method of Martin et al, the coefficient of triglyceride in Friedewald equation is assumed to be adjustable relative to nonHDLc and triglyceride (21,22). The validity of the original Friedewald and the new methods have been questioned in recent studies (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26).…”