Comparison of evaporation rate and heat flow models for prediction of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ageing during ship transportation

Miana, Mario; Hoyo, Rafael del; Rodrigálvarez, Vega

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2016.02.070

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and thermodynamic boil-off models have been developed for cryogenic liquids such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), including models based on heat ingress and subsequent BOG rates and those accounting for heat transfer between the vapor and liquid phases [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. Migliore et al [44] developed a non-equilibrium numerical model that allows for the vapor phase to be at a higher temperature than the liquid phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off

et al. 2022

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A model has been developed and implemented in the software package BoilFAST that allows for reliable calculations of the self-pressurization and boil-off losses for liquid hydrogen in different tank geometries and thermal insulation systems. The model accounts for the heat transfer from the vapor to the liquid phase, incorporates realistic heat transfer mechanisms, and uses reference equations of state to calculate thermodynamic properties. The model is validated by testing against a variety of scenarios using multiple sets of industrially relevant data for liquid hydrogen (LH2), including self-pressurization and densification data obtained from an LH2 storage tank at NASA’s Kennedy Space Centre. The model exhibits excellent agreement with experimental and industrial data across a range of simulated conditions, including zero boil-off in microgravity environments, self-pressurization of a stored mass of LH2, and boil-off from a previously pressurized tank as it is being relieved of vapor.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off

et al. 2022

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“…Two different modelling approaches can be identified: (i) based on the boil-off ratio (BOR) and (ii) based on heat ingress. The BOR based models predict weathering by using the BOR as a model input, that is obtained from experimental data for specific storage tanks at typical operating conditions [17,18]. Although BOR based models are frequently used in the industry because of their simplicity, they are not best suited for LNG with high nitrogen content and for scenario testing for LNG tanks for which BOR data might not be available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A realistic vapour phase heat transfer model for the weathering of LNG stored in large tanks

Huerta

Vesovic

2019

Energy

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A new non-equilibrium model relevant to LNG weathering in large storage tanks under constant pressure has been developed. It treats the heat influx from the surroundings into the vapour and liquid phases separately and allows for heat transfer between the two phases. The main heat transfer mechanisms in the vapour phase are assumed to be advection, due to upward flow of evaporated LNG, and conduction.It has been observed that the vapour temperature increases monotonically as a function of the height, in agreement with recent experimental results. In all the simulations performed the vapour to liquid heat transfer was small, also in line with recent experimental findings, and is estimated to contribute less than 0.3% to boil-off gas rates. The results of this work indicate that the heat transfer by the advective upward flow dominates the energy transfer within the vapour, while the natural convection, in the body of the vapour, can be neglected. The initial liquid filling has a pronounced effect on all the relevant variables, leading to a decrease in vapour temperature and boil-off gas temperature and an increase in boil-off rates. A rule of thumb for estimating the boil-off gas temperature in industrial storage tanks is provided.

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“…In Case 3, LNG with high methane (96%) and nitrogen amount (4%) was considered. Nitrogen is an inert component that reduces gross heating value [37]. A high amount of nitrogen impacts BOG generation, and it could make LNG unmarketable [32].…”

Section: Mathematical Modelling Of Lng Regasification Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Regasification Process Efficiency for Floating Storage Regasification Unit

Semaškaitė

Bogdevičius

Paulauskienė

et al. 2022

JMSE

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Natural gas plays a vital role in the economically and environmentally sustainable future of energy. Its reliable deliveries are required, especially nowadays, when the energy market is so volatile and unstable. The conversion of natural gas to its liquefied form (LNG) allows its transport in greater quantities. Affordability and reliability of clean energy is a key issue even for developed markets. Therefore, natural gas usage enables to implement green solutions into countries’ economies. However, the LNG-production process consumes a considerable amount of energy. This energy is stored in LNG as cold energy. After LNG unloading into storage tanks at receiving terminals, it is vaporised and compressed for transmission to a natural gas pipeline system. During the regasification process, the large part of the energy stored in LNG may be recovered and used for electricity generation, seawater desalination, cryogenic air separation, hydrogen liquefaction, material freezing, carbon dioxide capture, as well as for combined LNG cold energy utilization systems. Moreover, increased efficiency of LNG terminals may attract potential clients. In the presented paper, a mathematical model is performed to determine the influence of LNG composition and regasification process parameters on the quantity of released LNG cold energy in a large-scale floating storage and regasification units (FSRU)-type terminal “Independence” (Lithuania). Flow rate of LNG regasification, pressure, and boil-off gas recondensation have been considered. Possibilities to reduce the energy losses were investigated to find the ways to improve the regasification process efficiency for real FSRU. The results analysis revealed that potential of LNG cold energy at FSRU could vary from 20 to 25 MW. A utilisation of industrial and urban waste heat for the heat sink FSRU is recommended to increase the energy efficiency of the whole regasification process.

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Comparison of evaporation rate and heat flow models for prediction of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ageing during ship transportation

Cited by 39 publications

References 14 publications

Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off

Modelling of Liquid Hydrogen Boil-Off

A realistic vapour phase heat transfer model for the weathering of LNG stored in large tanks

Improvement of Regasification Process Efficiency for Floating Storage Regasification Unit

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