Comparison of exhaust emissions and their mutagenicity from the combustion of biodiesel, vegetable oil, gas-to-liquid and petrodiesel fuels

Krahl, Jürgen; Knothe, Gerhard; Munack, Axel; Ruschel, Yvonne; Schröder, Olaf; Hallier, Ernst; Westphal, Götz A.; Bünger, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2008.11.015

Cited by 94 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Similar data were reported in a previous study (Krahl et al 2009) comparing exhausts from RO and DF. The carbon monoxide emissions of RO were as low as for DF, suggesting a good combustion and therefore a low mutagenicity of the exhaust.…”

Section: Mutagenicitysupporting

confidence: 91%

Combusting vegetable oils in diesel engines: the impact of unsaturated fatty acids on particle emissions and mutagenic effects of the exhaust

Bünger

Krahl

et al. 2015

Arch Toxicol

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High particle emissions and strong mutagenic effects were observed after combustion of vegetable oil in diesel engines. This study tested the hypothesis that these results are affected by the amount of unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids of vegetable oils. Four different vegetable oils (coconut oil, CO; linseed oil, LO; palm tree oil, PO; and rapeseed oil, RO) and common diesel fuel (DF) were combusted in a heavy-duty diesel engine. The exhausts were investigated for particle emissions and mutagenic effects in direct comparison with emissions of DF. The engine was operated using the European Stationary Cycle. Particle masses were measured gravimetrically while mutagenicity was determined using the bacterial reverse mutation assay with tester strains TA98 and TA100. Combustion of LO caused the largest amount of total particulate matter (TPM). In comparison with DF, it particularly raised the soluble organic fraction (SOF). RO presented second highest TPM and SOF, followed by CO and PO, which were scarcely above DF. RO revealed the highest number of mutations of the vegetable oils closely followed by LO. PO was less mutagenic, but still induced stronger effects than DF. While TPM and SOF were strongly correlated with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the vegetable oils, mutagenicity had a significant correlation with the amount of total unsaturated fatty acids. This study supports the hypothesis that numbers of double bounds in unsaturated fatty acids of vegetable oils combusted in diesel engines influence the amount of emitted particles and the mutagenicity of the exhaust. Further investigations have to elucidate the causal relationship.

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Section: Mutagenicitysupporting

confidence: 91%

Combusting vegetable oils in diesel engines: the impact of unsaturated fatty acids on particle emissions and mutagenic effects of the exhaust

Bünger

Krahl

et al. 2015

Arch Toxicol

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“…The average speeds of these two Euro IV buses were as low as 15 and 12 km h −1 , respectively. The engine speed was below 1400 rpm 85 % of the time based on real-time their OBD data regarding engine speed and engine power, which indicates for a majority of the real-world operation the engines worked beyond the emission control zone under the European Steady Cycle (ESC) (i.e., the area within 13 steady modes) (Krahl et al, 2009). The NO x brake-specific emission factors for the two tested buses are 9.4 g kWh −1 and 6.6 g kWh −1 , respectively.…”

Section: Comparison Between Emission Factors Under Real-world Conditimentioning

confidence: 99%

The challenge to NO<sub>x</sub> emission control for heavy-duty diesel vehicles in China

Zhang

et al. 2012

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

153

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Abstract. China's new "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" set a target for total NO x emission reduction of 10 % for the period of 2011-2015. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) have been considered a major contributor to NO x emissions in China. Beijing initiated a comprehensive vehicle test program in 2008. This program included a sub-task for measuring onroad emission profiles of hundreds of HDDVs using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The major finding is that neither the on-road distance-specific (g km −1 ) nor brake-specific (g kWh −1 ) NO x emission factors for diesel buses and heavy-duty diesel trucks improved in most cases as emission standards became more stringent. For example, the average NO x emission factors for Euro II, Euro III and Euro IV buses are 11.3 ± 3.3 g km −1 , 12.5 ± 1.3 g km −1 , and 11.8 ± 2.0 g km −1 , respectively. No statistically significant difference in NO x emission factors was observed between Euro II and III buses. Even for Euro IV buses equipped with SCR systems, the NO x emission factors are similar to Euro III buses. The data regarding real-time engine performance of Euro IV buses suggest the engine certification cycles did not reflect their real-world operating conditions. These new on-road test results indicate that previous estimates of total NO x emissions for HDDV fleet may be significantly underestimated. The new estimate in total NO x emissions for the Beijing HDDV fleet in 2009 is 37.0 Gg, an increase of 45 % compared to the previous study. Further, we estimate that the total NO x emissions for the na-

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“…On the other hand, some studies reported no difference between diesel and biodiesel exhaust or nearly the same mutagenic effects [89,90]. Moreover, some studies reported increase in the mutagenic effects with the use of biodiesel added to diesel [91][92][93][94]. It is important to highlight that the studies found high mutagenicity considering that the biodiesel mutagenicity was generally high or similar compared to diesel and in some other studies were comparing biodiesel to low sulfur diesel.…”

Section: Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Vehicle Emissions: What Will Change with Use of Biofuel?

Guarieiro¹,

Guarieiro²

2013

Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability

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Comparison of exhaust emissions and their mutagenicity from the combustion of biodiesel, vegetable oil, gas-to-liquid and petrodiesel fuels

Cited by 94 publications

References 19 publications

Combusting vegetable oils in diesel engines: the impact of unsaturated fatty acids on particle emissions and mutagenic effects of the exhaust

Combusting vegetable oils in diesel engines: the impact of unsaturated fatty acids on particle emissions and mutagenic effects of the exhaust

The challenge to NO<sub>x</sub> emission control for heavy-duty diesel vehicles in China

Vehicle Emissions: What Will Change with Use of Biofuel?

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Comparison of exhaust emissions and their mutagenicity from the combustion of biodiesel, vegetable oil, gas-to-liquid and petrodiesel fuels

Cited by 94 publications

References 19 publications

Combusting vegetable oils in diesel engines: the impact of unsaturated fatty acids on particle emissions and mutagenic effects of the exhaust

Combusting vegetable oils in diesel engines: the impact of unsaturated fatty acids on particle emissions and mutagenic effects of the exhaust

The challenge to NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emission control for heavy-duty diesel vehicles in China

Vehicle Emissions: What Will Change with Use of Biofuel?

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Product

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The challenge to NO<sub>x</sub> emission control for heavy-duty diesel vehicles in China