Comparison of FDTD-calculated specific absorption rate in adults and children when using a mobile phone at 900 and 1800 MHz

Abstract

In this paper, the specific absorption rate (SAR) in scaled human head models is analysed to study possible differences between SAR in the heads of adults and children and for assessment of compliance with the international safety guidelines, while using a mobile phone. The finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) has been used for calculating SAR values for models of both children and adults, at 900 and 1800 MHz. Maximum 1 g averaged SAR (SAR1 g) and maximum 10 g averaged SAR (SAR10 g) have been calculated in adults and scaled head models for comparison and assessment of compliance with ANSI/IEEE and European guidelines. Results show that peak SAR1 g and peak SAR10 g all trend downwards with decreasing head size but as head size decreases, the percentage of energy absorbed in the brain increases. So, higher SAR in children's brains can be expected depending on whether the thickness of their skulls and surrounding tissues actually depends on age. The SAR in eyes of different sizes, as a critical organ, has also been studied and very similar distributions for the full size and the scaled models have been obtained. Standard limits can only be exceeded in the unpractical situation where the antenna is located at a very short distance in front of the eye.

Effects of hand on EM absorption and antenna performances for internal handset PIFA

“…The antennas of the cellular devices receive and radiate electromagnetic (EM) energy of different frequency depending on the type of applications. The emitted EM energy from portable terminal device's antenna may lead to serious health risks [1,2] since the EM energy can penetrate human body tissues and a part of this energy is absorbed in it [3,4]. The power absorption by human body tissue is usually evaluated in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR) [5].…”

Hazard estimation from Radiofrequency Radiation in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital from nearby GSM Base-Stations

“…Another method used in the determination of SAR which has gained prominence over the years is the finite-difference time-domain (FDTF) method [16,17,18]. Many electromagnetic field simulators have been developed based on the FDTD method to investigate the interaction between human head models and incident plane wave source [19].…”

Designing Asian-Sized Hand Model for Sar Determination at Gsm900/1800: Simulation Part

“…More and more people want to know whether any confirmed effects have been stated yet [8] and how to overcome the matter without stopping the usage [9][10][11][12][13], resulting in on-going research for decades to analyze the rate of electromagnetic wave being absorbed into a specific averaged mass of tissue of a human body [9,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] and even animals [34][35][36]. The value is obtained by measuring the time rate of RF energy absorption which is given in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR) at various part of body, for example head and hand in the case of mobile phone [20,22,23,25,26,[28][29][30][31][32][33]. SAR can be defined as:…”

“…After the influence of hand emerged in the performance of a mobile phone [12], many researchers have included hand with skin, muscle and bone properties in their simulations. Each hand studied -human's or phantom's -is different in its orientation [25,26,38] and its size based on the age [39] and race of the human being studied [6,31].…”