“…Liu & Xu, 2022;Miao & Srimahachota, 2021;Ni et al, 2019;Piyathilaka et al, 2020;Żarski et al, 2022;Zhang & Yuen, 2021;Zheng et al, 2022;Zhou et al, 2022;Zou et al, 2022). Alternatively, several studies have focused on pattern recognition crack TA B L E 1 Comparison of unsupervised pattern recognitions, machine learning (ML) and artificial neural networks (Al-Faris et al, 2020;Georgiou et al, 2020;Salehi & Burgueño, 2018;Wang et al, 2020;Zare et al, 2018) detection as another approach to image-based methods (Dorafshan et al, 2019;Iyer & Sinha, 2005;Li et al, 2014;Miao et al, 2020;Safaei et al, 2022;W. Wang et al, 2018;Y.…”