Comparison of HLW Glass Melting Rate Between Frit and Glass Forming Chemicals Using X-Ray Computed Tomography

Johnson, F. C.; Choi, An-Seop; Miller, Donald H.; Immel, David

doi:10.2172/1178647

Cited by 7 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The conversion occurs in the cold cap, a reacting mass that floats on the surface of molten glass . Together with the waste loading in the glass, the rate of conversion (the rate of melting) is a major factor in the glass production efficiency . It is influenced by the mineralogical form of the glass additives, the particle size of solids, the loading and type of waste, and the melter feed rheology .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heating rate series was motivated by the fact that the rate of melting and the rate of heating are intimately correlated . The next two series were motivated by the well‐known facts that the quartz particle size and the melt viscosity are major factors in melting behavior of commercial glass batches as well as nuclear waste melter feeds . Finally, the effect of fritting glass additives was included in this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the effect of fritting glass additives was included in this study. Frit is believed to stabilize the melting process and enhance the rate of melting . Frit is commonly used by waste glass producers in the United States (Savannah River Site), France, Germany, and other countries .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of heating rate, quartz particle size, viscosity, and form of glass additives on high‐level waste melter feed volume expansion

et al. 2016

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Nuclear waste can be vitrified by mixing it with glass‐forming and ‐modifying additives. The resulting feed is charged into an electric glass melter. To comprehend melting behavior of a high‐alumina melter feed, we monitored the volume expansion of pellets in response to heating at different heating rates. The feeds were prepared with different particle sizes of quartz (the major additive component) and with varied silica‐to‐fluxes ratio to investigate the glass melt viscosity effects. Also, we used additional melter feeds with additives premelted into glass frit. The volume of pellets was nearly constant at temperatures <600°C. After a short period of volume shrinkage at ~600°C‐700°C, foam generation produced massive volume expansion. The low heat conductivity of foam hinders the transfer of heat from molten glass to the reacting feed. The extent of foaming increased with faster heating and higher melt viscosity, and decreased with increasing size of quartz particles and fritting of the additives. Volume expansion data are needed for the mathematical modeling of the cold cap.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of heating rate, quartz particle size, viscosity, and form of glass additives on high‐level waste melter feed volume expansion

et al. 2016

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“…This is likely due to lower aluminum in SMEM-2 compared with SMEM-4 by a factor of 2.6, as shown in an earlier study 4 ; when the aluminum content of SB4 was increased by 67% over that of Excluding alkali ions required for charge compensation of AlO À 4 and FeO À SB3, its measured melting rate fell by 32%. 25,26 This explains why SMEM-2 exhibited the largest bed expansion (because it contained the highest concentration of nitrate). For example, both SMEM-1 and SMEM-3 have comparable concentrations of the two main gas generators, formate (COOH) and nitrate (NO 3 ) in Table 1 and yet SMEM-3 exhibited a much smaller bed expansion despite its higher melting rate.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Melting Ratementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Table 3 shows that the total modifier field strength of the SMEM-2 glass was the highest, but its estimated melting rate in Table 2 was 13% higher than that of SMEM-4. 13,25 Thus, formate has less adverse impact on melting rate than nitrate, which decomposes over a much wider temperature range extending above~900°C. But at the same time, high aluminum also appears to help melting of the cold cap by making the resulting melt more viscous and thus sluggish in closing the channels through which gases evolving at later stages of melting can escape.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Melting Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of high‐level waste glass melting using X‐ray computed tomography

Choi

Miller

Immel

et al. 2016

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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A method has been developed to quantitatively assess the melting behavior of simulated nuclear waste glasses in a 5‐cm‐diameter stainless steel beaker heated from the bottom. The method applies X‐ray scanning and computed tomography to build three‐dimensional volumetric data of a heat‐treated sample and performs an adaptive segmentation analysis of the volumetric data to identify morphologically distinct regions in the sample matrix and quantify the amount of material in each region based on computed tomography density. The method was applied to two different series of simulated high‐level waste glass melter feeds, and the results showed that it provides detailed images of samples at various stages of melting, including distribution of gas bubbles of varying sizes within the sample matrix, as well as a quantitative measure of how fast various waste/frit feeds melted relative to each other. The results show that the melting rate is influenced by the rate of calcine gas evolution, melt viscosity, and the presence of modifier ions in the feed.

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Melting rate correlation with batch properties and melter operating conditions during conversion of nuclear waste melter feeds to glasses

Lee

Cutforth

Mar

et al. 2021

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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Mathematical models of glass melting furnaces are incomplete in the sense that they do not estimate the rate of glass production (the rate of melting). Instead, they attempt to optimize melter efficiency and product quality for a specified production rate with other experimentally measured data. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The melting rate correlation (MRC) attempts to bypass this

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Comparison of HLW Glass Melting Rate Between Frit and Glass Forming Chemicals Using X-Ray Computed Tomography

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of heating rate, quartz particle size, viscosity, and form of glass additives on high‐level waste melter feed volume expansion

Effects of heating rate, quartz particle size, viscosity, and form of glass additives on high‐level waste melter feed volume expansion

Investigation of high‐level waste glass melting using X‐ray computed tomography

Melting rate correlation with batch properties and melter operating conditions during conversion of nuclear waste melter feeds to glasses

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