Comparison of human psychology for real and virtual mobile manipulators

Measurement Instruments for the Anthropomorphism, Animacy, Likeability, Perceived Intelligence, and Perceived Safety of Robots

“…Perceived safety and user comfort have rarely been measured directly. Instead, indirect measures have been usedthe measurement of the affective state of the user through the use of physiological sensors [66][67][68], questionnaires [66,69,70], and direct input devices [71]. That is, instead of asking subjects to evaluate the robot, researchers frequently use affective state estimation or questionnaires asking how the subject feels in order to measure the perceived safety and comfort level indirectly.…”

“…No relationship was found between the heart rate and robot motion, but a correlation was reported between the robot velocity and the subject's rating of "fear" and "surprise". In a subsequent study [69], a physical mobile manipulator was used to validate the results obtained with the virtual robot. In this case, subjects are asked to rate their responses on the following (5-point) direction levels: "secure-anxious", "restless-calm", "comfortable-unpleasant", "unapproachable-accessible", "favorable-unfavorable", "tense-relaxed", "unfriendlyfriendly", "interesting-tedious", and "unreliable-reliable".…”

A methodology to assess the acceptability of human-robot collaboration using virtual reality

“…The only experiments that used virtual reality to study human-robot collaboration took little advantage of its interaction functionalities. Nonaka et al [Nonaka et al 2004] and Inoue et al [Inoue et al 2005] used virtual robots (with head-mounted displays or CAVE systems) to evaluate the effect of robot movements and robot proximity on the users, but did not study any interaction and collaboration between them. On a different topic, De Santis et al [De Santis et al 2008] used virtual reality to evaluate the usability of different (virtual) robotic arms mounted on a wheelchair, but this was especially for efficiency purposes.…”

Psychological Evaluation for Rough Shape and Biped Walking of Humanoid Robots Using Virtual Reality

“…Then we showed the effects of the head motion and walking speed on the human psychology; these could be a sign of indicating that the robot is aware of the subject. The work (Inoue et al, 2005b) ) and the ratio of the links are the same as those of existing humanoid robot "HRP-2" (Kaneko, 2004). Notice that the standard robot does not mean a typical humanoid robot.…”

“…But they are not enough to analyze which parameters of robots bring desirable psychological effects. For the purpose of clarifying the relationship between the parameters and their psychological effects, we have proposed the evaluation of human impressions and www.intechopen.com Service Robot Applications 256 psychology for robots coexisting with people using virtual reality (Nonaka et al, 2004;Inoue et al, 2005a;Inoue et al, 2005b;Ujiie et al, 2006;Inoue et al, 2007). CG robots are presented to human subjects using head-mounted displays or projection-based immersive 3D visualization system "CAVE" (Cruz-Neira et al, 1993), and the subjects and the robots coexist in the virtual world.…”