To explore further the role of VP4 as the rotavirus cell attachment protein, VP7 monoreassortants derived from the sialic-acid-dependent simian strain RRV and from the sialic-acid-independent human strains D, DS-1 and ST-3 were tested for susceptibility of infectivity of neuraminidasetreated MA-104 cells. Infectivity of RRViD VP7 and RRViST-3 VP7 monoreassortants decreased when sialic acid was removed from the cell surface. However, of three separate RRViDS-1 VP7 monoreassortants tested, only one was sialic-aciddependent. Sequence analysis showed that both sialic-acid-independent strains contained a single amino acid change, Lys to Arg, at position 187. In addition, sialic-acid-independent infectivity was seen in one of 14 RRV VP4 neutralization escape mutants tested, and this strain was found to have a Gly to Glu change at amino acid position 150. These results indicate that positions 150 and 187 of VP4 play an important role in early rotavirus-cell interactions.The rotavirus virion is composed of three concentric layers of proteins and 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (Both et al., 1994 ;Estes, 1996). The outermost layer of the virion is comprised of two proteins, VP4 and VP7. VP4 forms dimeric spikes that project from the surface of the virion, which is constituted by VP7 (Shaw et al., 1993 ;Yeager et al., 1994).