“…AI and machine learning (ML) have been widely used in different engineering applications such as structural health monitoring (Al Azzawi et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2011;Saeidpour et al, 2018;Salehi and Burgueno, 2018;Salehi et al, 2018aSalehi et al, ,b, 2019aSantos et al, 2016;Silva et al, 2016;Wootton et al, 2017) and fatigue crack detection Rovinelli et al, 2018). ML algorithms, in the context of failure analysis, have been used for numerous applications, including phase-field models of polymer-based dielectrics (Shen et al, 2019), phase-field models of solidification (Yabansu et al, 2017), and crystal plasticity (Papanikolaou et al, 2019).…”