Comparison of Injury and Development in the Neuromuscular System

Effects of innervation state on Hsp25 content and phosphorylation in inactive rat plantaris muscles

“…Another possibility is the recapitulation of muscle development processes that have been shown to occur in response to denervation (Gordon et al. 1988).…”

Stimulation of denervated muscle promotes selective reinnervation, prevents synkinesis, and restores function

“…Overall, these data suggest that the critical step responsible for laryngeal synkinesis is foreign reinnervation of the abductor muscles by RGC motoneurons. Preferential motor regeneration (PMR) down a motor pathway, as described for motor versus sensory axons, does not occur between laryngeal muscles . Instead, the regeneration and subsequent reinnervation appears to be random.…”

“…Another possibility is that a type of PMR could be promoted through the stimulation and release of neurotrophic factors by the muscle and concentrated by schwann cells in endoneurial tubes in the distal stump . These neurotrophins could then promote regeneration of inspiratory motoneurons down those endoneurial tubes at the anastomotic site.…”

“…Preferential motor regeneration (PMR) down a motor pathway, as described for motor versus sensory axons, does not occur between laryngeal muscles. [9][10][11] Instead, the regeneration and subsequent reinnervation appears to be random. Since adductor muscle fibers are approximately four times more prevalent than abductor muscle fibers, it follows that RGC motor unit axons are four times more prevalent than inspiratory motor unit axons.…”