Comparison of ketamine–dexmedetomidine–methadone and tiletamine–zolazepam–methadone combinations for short-term anaesthesia in domestic pigs

Monte, Valentina De; Staffieri, Francesco; Meo, Antonio Di; Vannucci, Jacopo; Bufalari, Antonello

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.011

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The changes observed in neurotransmitters showed a dose-dependent manner: with the increase of ketamine concentration, this tendency was clearer. This is consistent with the clinical phenomenon in vivo (6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effects of ketamine on monoamine neurotransmittersand GABA in embryonic neurocytes from fetal rat

Li¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2017

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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IntroductionKetamine can selectively inhibit specific parts of the central nervous system, especially at the level of the communication channel and the thalamocortical network of the brain. Ketamine is characterized by its peculiar ability to separate pain and consciousness, called "separation anesthesia" (1).Classical ion receptor channels are mainly activated by norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These neurotransmitters not only regulate neuronal excitability but also have a strong impact on the development of the brain. For example, DA is retained in vesicles at the nerve endings. When a nerve impulse arrives, the vesicle is emptied and DA is released. DA receptors on the cell membrane can bind to the neurotransmitter, thus transmitting the information. However, neurotransmitters can interact among them. 5-HT antagonist can be enhanced by amphetamine-induced locomotor activity (2) and can inhibit dystonia and catalepsy caused by diazepam (3).However, to this day, little is known about the effects of ketamine on the levels of GABA, DA, NE, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA in neurocyte cell cultures from fetal rats. We thus decided to investigate how different concentrations of ketamine may affect these neurotransmitters at the neurocyte level. Materials and methods AnimalsMale and female Wistar rats, 3 months old and weighing 200 ± 20 g, were purchased from the Animal Experimental Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Harbin, China). Prior to the experiment, rats were quarantined for 2 weeks at the Northeast Agricultural University (Harbin, China). A total of 104 rats were randomly divided into low-dose groups (L group, n = 32, 4 subgroups), middle-dose groups (M group, n = 48, 6 subgroups), and high-dose groups (H group, n = 24, 3 subgroups), with 8 rats in each subgroup. Intraperitoneal injections of ketamine (Shenyang Veterinary Drug Factory, 20110908) were as follows: L group with 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg; M group with 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 mg/kg; and H group with 150, 200, and 300 mg/kg. Cerebrospinal fluid was sampled from the cisterna magna as described previously (4). Cerebrospinal fluid was extracted from the foramen magnum to measure the ketamine concentration

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effects of ketamine on monoamine neurotransmittersand GABA in embryonic neurocytes from fetal rat

Li¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2017

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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show abstract

“…The challenge is to identify an anesthetic treatment that, without the use of sophisticated equipment, ensures an acceptable depth and length of anesthesia, a regular spontaneous breathing pattern, and a stable hemodynamic condition for the animal. Desirably, the anesthetic protocol should provide fast and reliable immobilization, adequate analgesia, and muscle relaxation without cardiovascular and respiratory depression [ 5 ]. Furthermore, prolongation of anesthesia must be possible without compromising the safety of the animal [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Clinical Responses in Pigs in Relation to Plasma Concentrations during Anesthesia with Dexmedetomidine, Tiletamine, Zolazepam, and Butorphanol

Rydén

Jensen-Waern

Nyman

et al. 2021

Animals

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Reliable protocols for short-term anesthetics are essential to safeguard animal welfare during medical investigations. The aim of the study was to assess the adequacy and reliability of an anesthetic protocol and to evaluate physiological and clinical responses, in relation to the drug plasma concentrations, for pigs undergoing short-term anesthesia. A second aim was to see whether an intravenous dosage could prolong the anesthesia. The anesthesia was induced by an intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine, tiletamine zolazepam, and butorphanol in 12 pigs. In six of the pigs, a repeated injection intravenously of one-third of the initial dose was given after one hour. The physiological and clinical effects from induction to recovery were examined. Plasma concentrations of the drugs were analyzed and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Each drug’s absorption and time to maximal concentration were rapid. All pigs were able to maintain spontaneous respiration. The route of administration did not alter the half-life of the drug. The results suggest that intramuscular administration of the four-drug combination provides up to two hours of anesthesia with stable physiological parameters and an acceptable level of analgesia while maintaining spontaneous respiration. A repeated intravenous injection may be used to extend the time of anesthesia by 30 min.

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“…in pigs (Nishimura et al 1992;Henrikson et al 1995). Ideally, the sedative(s) administered should provide a reliable and fast sedation, an adequate analgesia and muscle relaxation, should be painless at injection and produce minimal cardiorespiratory effects (De Monte et al 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it could be a good alternative to ketamine or tiletamine-zolazepam previously used in this species (Nishimura et al 1992;Sakaguchi et al 1995;Sweitzer et al 1997;Kim et al 2007;Ajadi et al 2008;Heinonen et al 2009;Lee and Kim 2012;Bettschart-Wolfensberger et al 2013;De Monte et al 2015;Santos et al 2016) that can often cause a rough and stressful recovery (Malavasi 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of intramuscular alfaxalone-midazolam combination in pigs

et al. 2019

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The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of alfaxalone and midazolam after intramuscular administration in pigs. Fourteen pigs, weighing 18 to 22 kg, aged between 55 and 70 days, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification 2, affected by congenital reducible umbilical hernia, were included in the study. Alfaxalone (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) mixed in the same syringe were administered into the neck muscle. Pain on injection, quality of sedation and time to achieve lateral recumbency were recorded. Heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded at 0 (baseline: before drug administration), 10, 15, and 20 min after the injection. Oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2), arterial blood pH, arterial oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) tensions and bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-) were recorded at 10, 15, and 20 min after injection. Continuous data were analysed using a repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Ten animals out of fourteen showed no pain on injection, whereas the remaining four exhibited mild pain. The time from the end of injection to lateral recumbency was 266 ± 40 s. The quality of sedation ranged between good to very good. No significant changes in the variables monitored were observed between the time points. In conclusion, the intramuscular administration of alfaxalone and midazolam in pigs at the doses used induced reliable and fast sedation, without pain on injection and moderate respiratory effects.

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Comparison of ketamine–dexmedetomidine–methadone and tiletamine–zolazepam–methadone combinations for short-term anaesthesia in domestic pigs

Cited by 15 publications

References 36 publications

Effects of ketamine on monoamine neurotransmittersand GABA in embryonic neurocytes from fetal rat

Effects of ketamine on monoamine neurotransmittersand GABA in embryonic neurocytes from fetal rat

Physiological and Clinical Responses in Pigs in Relation to Plasma Concentrations during Anesthesia with Dexmedetomidine, Tiletamine, Zolazepam, and Butorphanol

Effects of intramuscular alfaxalone-midazolam combination in pigs

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