Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine, and lidocaine−xylazine for caudal epidural analgesia in cattle

Grubb, Tamara; Riebold, Thomas W.; Crisman, Russell O.; Lamb, Lauren

doi:10.1046/j.1467-2995.2001.00068.x

Cited by 91 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…No grupo tratado com xilazina, o LNEM do lado incisado foi similar ao do lado íntegro por mais de quatro e menos de seis horas. Os estudos anteriores descrevem que a injeção epidural de xilazina, em eqüinos, gera antinocicepção por até 220 minutos nos dermátomos inervados pelos nervos caudal, caudal retal, perineal e pudendo (LE BLANC & EBERHART, 1990;GRUBB et al, 1992;SKARDA & MUIR III, 1996a;SKARDA & MUIR III, 1996b;DE ROSSI & GÓMEZ DE SEGURA, 2001;MUIR III et al, 2001). É provável que o prolongamento da dessensibilização decorra do uso preventivo do fármaco, que é descrito como uma forma eficiente de reduzir a sensibilização central (DANNEMAN, 1997;AIDA et al, 2000;GOODRICH et al, 2002;RÉDUA et al, 2002).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Na busca de mais seletividade por fibras sensoriais, surgem os agonistas α 2 (LE BLANC & CARON, 1990;LE BLANC & EBERHART, 1990;GRUBB et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…A aplicação sistêmica de agonistas α 2 produz sedação, miorrelaxamento e analgesia (BUERKLE et al, 1999;MUIR III et al, 2001) e após administração epidural há antinocicepção mais prolongada e mínimos efeitos colaterais (GRUBB et al, 1992;KEEGAN et al, 1995) devido à redução da dose (LE BLANC & EBERHART, 1990) e da absorção sistêmica (VALADÃO et al, 1990;DE ROSSI & GÓMEZ DE SEGURA, 2001). A xilazina é o agonista α 2 mais empregado em grandes animais e, em eqüinos, seu uso epidural aumenta a antinocicepção perineal, diminui a ataxia e não interfere nas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias (LE BLANC et al, 1988;KEEGAN et al, 1995;SKARDA & MUIR III, 1996a;SKARDA & MUIR III, 1996b;DE ROSSI & GÓMEZ DE SEGURA, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Injeção epidural preventiva de xilazina ou amitraz, em eqüinos: efeito antinociceptivo

Guirro

Sobrinho²,

Ferreira

et al. 2008

Cienc. Rural

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IV RESUMO Os agonistas de receptores adrenérgicos INTRODUÇÃOA dor é definida pela Associação Internacional para o Estudo da Dor como "uma experiência sensitiva e emocional desagradável associada à lesão tecidual real ou potencial" (LEMONICA & PEREIRA, 1992). A dor pós-incisional caracteriza-se como dor inflamatória (BUERKLE et al., 1999), pois há liberação de mediadores inflamatórios que reduzem o limiar de fibras aferentes, principalmente do tipo C, levando à sensibilização central e seus efeitos deletérios como hiperalgesia e alodinia (WOOLF & CHONG, 1993;MICHAELIS et al., 1996;VALADÃO et al., 2002). Na experimentação animal, sugere-se a substituição dos termos dor e analgesia por nocicepção e antinocicepão, respectivamente (JONES, 1992). PARADA et al., 2003 e CUNHA et al., 2004 propõem o termo hipernocicepção para referir, indistintamente, alodinia, hiperalgesia primária ou secundária.A presença de dor no período pós-operatório reduz a qualidade de vida do paciente (WU et al., 2003), pois desequilibra a homeostase e gera alterações autonômicas, endócrinas e comportamentais (DANNEMAN, 1997). Portanto, diversas técnicas de analgesia são sugeridas para minimizá-la e a analgesia preventiva é descrita como o uso de analgésicos antes

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Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Na busca de mais seletividade por fibras sensoriais, surgem os agonistas α 2 (LE BLANC & CARON, 1990;LE BLANC & EBERHART, 1990;GRUBB et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Injeção epidural preventiva de xilazina ou amitraz, em eqüinos: efeito antinociceptivo

Guirro

Sobrinho²,

Ferreira

et al. 2008

Cienc. Rural

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“…Andere Vorteile dieser Wirkstofffamilie sind wie bei anderen Analgetika ihre Einspareffekte auf die Allgemeinanästhetika, weshalb sie oft Teil einer balancierten Anästhesie sind (Steffey et al 2000, Bennett et al 2004 bis lumbosakrale Analgesie hervorzurufen (Fikes et al 1989, Grubb et al 1992, Skarda und Muir 1994, Doherty et al 1997a …”

Section: Schmerzsymptomatikunclassified

Analgesics in the horse: an update

Ionita¹,

Lempe²,

Leupold³

et al. 2007

PHK

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Nowadays a large spectrum of analgesics is clinically applicable in the horse. The advantages of a good analgesia largely ponder its disadvantages. In order to choose the best suitable option or combination of analgesics for the patient depending on the indication, basic knowledge in pain patho-physiology and pharmacology is required. The most frequently applied analgesics in horses are the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID). Because of their peripheral anti-inflammatory action and other complex mechanisms, they can be very effectively used to treat orthopedic or visceral pain. However one must be conscious that they can cause important side effects. For this reason new products appeared on the market lately, with less impairment of the homeostasis. Glucocorticoids are other more potent anti-inflammatory drugs. Since their side effects are more pronounced, local application is often preferred for therapy of significant aseptic inflammations. The opioids belong to a very effective family of analgesics. These are mainly administered in combination with sedatives as part of the operative premedication. They can also be systemically administered or locally injected (intraarticular or epidural) in order to produce long lasting anti-nociception. The local anesthetics are administered in order to inhibit the pain transmission. They are able to produce long lasting regional analgesia. Other clinically relevant characteristics are the protective effect against reperfusion injuries, the systemic analgesia and the intestinal prokinetic effects of lidocain, when given intravenously as a continuous rate infusion. The α2 agonists are known as the strongest analgesics in the horse. They are particularly indicated to treat strong abdominal pain. In addition, they can be used for long lasting epidural anesthesia. Ketamine is routinely employed for general anesthesia and is well-known for its somatic analgesic properties in human medicine. Moreover, this dissociative anesthetic can be effective in local applications (e.g. epidural) in equine patients. The goal of this article is to point out the different analgesics which can be used in the horse and explain their mechanisms of action. This should allow the veterinarian to select the optimal product and/or the most adequate method and combination depending on the clinical cases.

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“…Although these are administered in the epidural or subarachnoid space, systemic effects occur due to absorption from the tissues (COUSINS & MATHER, 1984;SKARDA & MUIR, 1996;CHENG et al, 1999). Xylazine and its combination with lidocaine have been reported to produce none or minimal cardiovascular depression when epidurally (LeBLANC & CARON, 1990;LeBLANC & EBERHART, 1990;GRUBB et al, 1992;SKARDA & MUIR, 1996). Epidural detomidine in horses was found to produce cardiovascular depression and recumbency (SKARDA & MUIR, 1994;1996;WITTERN et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subarachnoidally administered hyperbaric morphine, buprenorphine, methadone, and 10% dextrose on cardiopulmonary function and behavior in horses

2006

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The study was done to compare the heart rate, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, respiratory rate, body temperature, and behavior after subarachnoid administration of hyperbaric morphine (MorphineD10), buprenorphine (BuprenorphineD10), methadone (Methadone D10), and 10% dextrose (D10) INTRODUCTIONCaudal spinal anesthesia or analgesia was first described in 1925 and is well established (PAPE & PITZSCHK, 1925;McLEOD & FRANK, 1927).Spinal analgesia is obtained with different drugs (VALVERDE et al., 1990; GOMEZ DE SEGURA et al., 1998). Although these are administered in the epidural or subarachnoid space, systemic effects occur due to absorption from the tissues (COUSINS & MATHER, 1984;SKARDA & MUIR, 1996;CHENG et al., 1999). Xylazine and its combination with lidocaine have been reported to produce none or minimal cardiovascular depression when epidurally (LeBLANC & CARON, 1990;LeBLANC & EBERHART, 1990;GRUBB et al., 1992;SKARDA & MUIR, 1996). Epidural detomidine in horses was found to produce cardiovascular depression and recumbency (SKARDA & MUIR, 1994;1996;WITTERN et al., 1998). Spinal ketamine produced sedation but no cardiovascular depression in horses (GOMEZ DE SEGURA et al., 1998). When compared to other drugs, opioids present advantages over local anesthetic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists because

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Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine, and lidocaine−xylazine for caudal epidural analgesia in cattle

Cited by 91 publications

References 27 publications

Injeção epidural preventiva de xilazina ou amitraz, em eqüinos: efeito antinociceptivo

Injeção epidural preventiva de xilazina ou amitraz, em eqüinos: efeito antinociceptivo

Analgesics in the horse: an update

Subarachnoidally administered hyperbaric morphine, buprenorphine, methadone, and 10% dextrose on cardiopulmonary function and behavior in horses

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