Comparison of macular pigment and serum lutein concentration changes between free lutein and lutein esters supplements in Japanese subjects

Yoshizako, Hiroko; Hara, Katunori; Takai, Yasuyuki; Kaidzu, Sachiko; Obana, Akira; Ohira, Akihiro

doi:10.1111/aos.13106

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Two RCTs of supplements ( 48 , 50 ), 4 non-RCTs ( 54–56 , 64 ), and 3 single-arm trials ( 57 , 60 , 61 ) evaluated a supplement with ≥20 mg/d of lutein/zeaxanthin in ≥1 of their study arms. Follow-up in these trials ranged between 2 and 12 mo.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Wilson

Tharmarajah

Jia

et al. 2021

Advances in Nutrition

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Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin are the only carotenoids found in the human macula and may have a role in visual function. These carotenoids are reported to protect the retina, and thus vision, as antioxidants and by acting as a blue light filter. Our objective was to determine a minimum concentration of lutein/zeaxanthin intake that is associated with a statistically significant and/or clinically important change in macular pigment optical density (MPOD) among adults with healthy eyes. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and the Commonwealth of Agriculture Bureau for English-language studies through to July 2020. Two reviewers screened results to identify studies that evaluated supplements or dietary sources of lutein/zeaxanthin on MPOD among adults with healthy eyes. One reviewer extracted data and assessed strength of evidence, which was confirmed by a second reviewer. Two independent reviewers assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were stratified by total lutein/zeaxanthin dose. We included 46 studies (N = 3189 participants; mean age = 43 y; 42% male). There was no statistically significant change in MPOD among studies evaluating <5 mg/d of total lutein/zeaxanthin intake which primarily assessed dietary interventions for 3–6 mo (pooled mean difference, 0.02; 95% CI: –0.01 to 0.05). The pooled mean increase in MPOD was 0.04 units (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.07) among studies evaluating 5 to <20 mg/d of lutein/zeaxanthin and was 0.11 units (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.16) among studies evaluating ≥20 mg/d of lutein/zeaxanthin for 3–12 mo. MPOD increased with lutein/zeaxanthin intake, particularly at higher doses, among adults with healthy eyes. The effects of lutein/zeaxanthin intake at doses <5 mg/d or from dietary sources is less clear. Increased lutein/zeaxanthin intake can help with maintaining ocular health. Future research is needed to determine the minimum dose and duration of lutein/zeaxanthin intake that is associated with a clinically important change in MPOD or visual function.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Wilson

Tharmarajah

Jia

et al. 2021

Advances in Nutrition

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“…Several studies showed that MPOD is related to the nutritional xanthophyll status and that dietary treatment with xanthophylls increases MPOD [6,14,40] . Epidemiological studies indicate that a higher MPOD may be associated with a lower risk to develop AMD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adequate dietary supply with xanthophylls increases MP optical density (MPOD) and exerts beneficial effects in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] . Main nutritional sources for xanthophylls are vegetables, egg yolk, fish, and dietary supplements delivering mainly lutein from nonedible plants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epilutein for Early-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Randomized and Prospective Study

et al. 2017

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Purpose: The hypothesis that oral supplementation of the epilutein/lutein combination could augment the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was tested. Methods: In a prospective randomized interventional study, 40 consecutive patients with early-stage AMD were recruited. After a 2-week run-in period, patients were randomly treated with a daily oral administration of 8 mg epilutein and 2 mg lutein (group 1) or 10 mg lutein (group 2) for 2 months. At baseline (BL) and 1-month (M1) and 2-month visits (M2), all patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including measurement of MPOD in a 7° area (Visucam 200; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Milan, Italy). Xanthophylls were quantified in plasma, as well as the HDL, non-HDL, and erythrocyte fractions at each study visit. Results: Twenty-one patients (mean age 69.4 ± 6.7 years, 35 eyes) were included in group 1. Mean MPOD was 0.203 ± 0.02 optical density units (ODU) at BL, and increased to 0.214 ± 0.04 ODU at M1 (p = 0.008) and 0.206 ± 0.03 ODU at M2 (p = 0.04). Sixteen patients (mean age 72.0 ± 6.3 years, 29 eyes) were included in group 2. Mean MPOD was 0.215 ± 0.03 at BL, which reduced to 0.202 ± 0.03 ODU at M1 (p = 0.003) and 0.207 ± 0.02 ODU at M2 (p < 0.001). A rise in the systemic level of total xanthophylls was observed at M1 for both groups. At M2, total xanthophylls were significantly increased only in group 1 and decreased in group 2. Conclusion: In patients with early-stage AMD, the administration of lutein in combination with epilutein was associated with an increased MPOD compared to the administration of lutein alone.

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“…A few studies have suggested that the intestinal absorption of xanthophylls is increased in subjects fed xanthophyll esters rather than unesterified xanthophylls while others have shown equivalent bioavailability of both forms when fed to humans . Moreover, only free xanthophylls were present in the plasma of individuals after feeding of either dietary form.…”

Section: Intestinal Absorption Of Vitamin a And Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Transport and Delivery of Vitamin A and Carotenoids to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Harrison

2019

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Vision depends on the delivery of vitamin A (retinol) to the retina. Retinol in blood is bound to retinol‐binding protein (RBP). Retinal pigment epithelia (RPE) cells express the RBP receptor, STRA6, that facilitates uptake of retinol. The retinol is then converted to retinyl esters by the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase. The esters are the substrate for RPE65, an enzyme that produces 11‐cis retinol, which is converted to 11‐cis retinaldehyde for transport to the photoreceptors to form rhodopsin. The dietary xanthophylls, lutein (LUT) and zeaxanthin (ZEA), accumulate in the macula of the eye, providing protection against age‐related macular degeneration. To reach the macula, carotenoids cross the RPE. In blood, xanthophylls and β‐carotene mostly associate with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), respectively. Studies using a human RPE cell model evaluate the kinetics of cell uptake when carotenoids are delivered in LDL or HDL. For LUT and β‐carotene, LDL delivery result in the highest rate of uptake. HDL is more effective in delivering ZEA (and meso‐ZEA). This selective HDL‐mediated uptake of ZEA, via a scavenger receptor and LDL‐mediated uptake of LUT and β‐carotene provides a mechanism for the selective accumulation of ZEA > LUT and xanthophylls over β‐carotene in the macula.

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Comparison of macular pigment and serum lutein concentration changes between free lutein and lutein esters supplements in Japanese subjects

Abstract: The serum lutein concentrations and MPOD levels increased significantly with either free lutein or lutein esters, and no significant differences were found between the two. Both were considered useful as lutein supplements.

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

The Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Epilutein for Early-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Randomized and Prospective Study

Mechanisms of Transport and Delivery of Vitamin A and Carotenoids to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

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