Comparison of Model and Observed Currents in Lake Michigan

Allender, J.H.

doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1977)007<0711:comaoc>2.0.co;2

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…These authors reported smaller values of F n in the upper layers than the lower layers at several shallow and deep moorings (e.g., 0.96–1.09 vs. 0.99–1.1 at 20 m, 0.82–0.98 vs. 0.92–1.59 at 60 m, and 0.55 vs. 0.96 at 155 m). Compared to earlier predictions of current velocities in summer (e.g., 1 ≤ F n ≤ 1.11 in Allender , 1977; 0.79 ≤ F n ≤ 1.01 in Schwab , 1983; 0.95 ≤ F n ≤ 1.05 in Beletsky & Schwab, 2001; 0.55 ≤ F n ≤ 1.59 in Beletsky et al, 2006), this study showed a comparable modeling skill in Lake Michigan (0.52 ≤ F n ≤ 1.33). It should be pointed out that the study from Beletsky et al (2006) covered a large number of years (e.g., 1998–2003) and great number of current observations (e.g., seven moorings), while only two locations for 6 months in 2 years were included in this study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Monthly and Episodic Dynamics of Summer Circulation in Lake Michigan

Mao

Xia

2020

JGR Oceans

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A comprehensive understanding of lake circulation is fundamental to inform better management of ecological issues and fishery resources in the Great Lakes. In this study, a high‐resolution, wave‐current coupled, three‐dimensional modeling system was applied to investigate the monthly and episodic dynamics of summer circulation in Lake Michigan. Model sensitivities to three wind sources and two grid resolutions against observed current velocities, water temperatures, and significant wave heights in the summer of 2014 were examined. Model performance was validated with additional satellite imageries and current measurements in the summer of 2015. Results indicated that the high‐resolution model driven by the observation‐based winds reproduced lake dynamics most reasonably. In July 2014, a pair of monthly averaged anticyclonic (i.e., clockwise) gyres in the surface layer were simulated in southern Lake Michigan. Analysis indicates that they originate from the wind‐driven, upwelling‐favorable, jet‐like Ekman currents along the west shore, which are connected by the density‐driven basin‐scale circulation. Although river inputs, strait exchanges, waves, grid resolutions, and bathymetric variations influence the monthly surface circulation, their effects are less important than the wind and density‐driven currents. Additional simulations support the predominant impacts of wind and density‐driven currents on lake surface circulation during a strong wind event. Further investigations suggest that lake circulation varies from surface to bottom layers, and this knowledge is significant to the related ecological issues and fishery resources management. The numerical model configured to Lake Michigan is beneficial to understanding dynamics in the Great Lakes system and other large water bodies.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Monthly and Episodic Dynamics of Summer Circulation in Lake Michigan

Mao

Xia

2020

JGR Oceans

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“…Field measurements span a large spectrum of values for both the horizontal and the vertical coefficients: the former can vary from 10 À2 to 10 2 m 2 s À1 , the latter from 10 À6 to 10 À2 m 2 s À1 . As a consequence of the differences in geometry and turbulence characteristics, we have ascertained a large variability of a E , which may vary for instance from 10 À3 (lake Michigan, data from Allender [2]) to 0.7 (lakes Kinneret and Biwa, data from Pan et al [24] and Akitomo et al [1]). It is important to note that the horizontal eddy viscosity is not usually considered as a crucial parameter for numerical simulations [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to (2), the former condition is associated with negligible transversal gradient of the total pressure term g Ã h Ã þ g Ã s ðH Ã À h Ã Þ in a significant part of the water body.…”

Section: A Simplified Analytical Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of spatial wind inhomogeneity and turbulence anisotropy on circulation in an elongated basin: A simplified analytical solution

Toffolon

Rizzi²

2009

Advances in Water Resources

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“…Unfortunately, adequate and accurate overlake meteorological data are virtually nonexistent for Lake Erie. Therefore a method for determining such information must be selected from among the recommended methods [Cressman, 1959;Allender, 1977] and used to create time and space data for any point throughout the extent of the Lake. Also a method of aggregating the overlake data into compact plots reflecting the activity of the Lake must be determined.…”

Section: Structure and Characteristics Of Storm Surgementioning

confidence: 99%

The Lake Erie response to the January 26, 1978, cyclone

Dingman¹,

Bedford²

1984

J. Geophys. Res.

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A descriptive analysis of the reponse of Lake Erie to the passage of the blizzard cyclone of January 26, 1978, is presented. This intense extratropical cyclone, the worst ever to cross the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region of the United States, set numerous record low sea level pressure readings at nearly every recording station surrounding Lake Erie and subjected the lake region to sharp temperature drops and high winds. The lake surface was significantly ice covered during the storm event; it remained virtually intact on the entire Western Basin, and partial ice cover breakup occurred over the Central Basin. The investigation of the water level fluctuations induced by the cyclone are based on data acquired from normal meteorological and water level monitoring stations surrounding the lake. The most unusual aspects of the water surface fluctuations include the observance of a pressure suction induced rise in water level in the Western Basin before the storm passed north of the lake; a maximum storm surge setup occurring between Marblehead, Ohio, and Port Colborne, Canada, and not between the ends of the lake; and a separate oscillatory surge occurring at Port Stanley, Canada. The probable causes and reasons for these fluctuations are thoroughly analyzed in the context of existing theories that deal with how a lake surface responds to external atmospheric forcing functions such as wind stress, sea level pressure changes, and resonance. The effect of the ice cover on the water level fluctuations is also presented.

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Comparison of Model and Observed Currents in Lake Michigan

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Monthly and Episodic Dynamics of Summer Circulation in Lake Michigan

Monthly and Episodic Dynamics of Summer Circulation in Lake Michigan

Effects of spatial wind inhomogeneity and turbulence anisotropy on circulation in an elongated basin: A simplified analytical solution

The Lake Erie response to the January 26, 1978, cyclone

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