Comparison of Model-Based and Sensor-Based Detection of Thermal Runaway in Li-Ion Battery Modules for Automotive Application

Abstract

In recent years, research on lithium–ion (Li-ion) battery safety and fault detection has become an important topic, providing a broad range of methods for evaluating the cell state based on voltage and temperature measurements. However, other measurement quantities and close-to-application test setups have only been sparsely considered, and there has been no comparison in between methods. In this work, the feasibility of a multi-sensor setup for the detection of Thermal Runaway failure of automotive-size Li-ion battery modules have been investigated in comparison to a model-based approach. For experimental validation, Thermal Runaway tests were conducted in a close-to-application configuration of module and battery case—triggered by external heating with two different heating rates. By two repetitions of each experiment, a high accordance of characteristics and results has been achieved and the signal feasibility for fault detection has been discussed. The model-based method, that had previously been published, recognised the thermal fault in the fastest way—significantly prior to the required 5 min pre-warning time. This requirement was also achieved with smoke and gas sensors in most test runs. Additional criteria for evaluating detection approaches besides detection time have been discussed to provide a good starting point for choosing a suitable approach that is dependent on application defined requirements, e.g., acceptable complexity.

Effect of Secondary Phase on Electroless Ni Plating Behaviour of Super Duplex Stainless Steel SAF2507 for Advanced Li-Ion Battery Case

“…Various studies have been conducted aiming to enhance the performance of Li-ion batteries and ensure their safety [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Catalyst-related research has been widely pursued, seeking to improve Li-ion battery performance [ 9 , 10 ]. Additionally, the selection of the battery case is crucial, because it affects Li-ion battery performance.…”

“…The structure of a Li-ion battery comprises a separator with a cathode and anode immersed in a Li-ion electrolyte solution [ 6 , 8 , 10 ]. The cathode requires excellent electrical conductivity and high corrosion resistance, whereas the anode necessitates high corrosion resistance [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Particle Contamination in Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells—Risk Assessment with Focus on Internal Short Circuits and Replication by Currently Discussed Trigger Methods

“…The onset of a safety-critical condition can be triggered by mechanical, electrical or thermal failures [11,12]. With the addition of passive protection devices [13], a battery management system (BMS) with intelligent fault detection [14,15], a robust mechanical design [16] or with appropriate cooling solutions [17] on system level, the risk of many faults can be reduced to a lower and acceptable level. One of these faults, which is suspected to be responsible for up to 90% of field failures [18], is the internal short circuit (ISC).…”

Effect of x on the Electrochemical Performance of Two-Layered Cathode Materials xLi2MnO3–(1−x)LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2

“…The use of these energy systems is closely related to the development of increasingly efficient storage systems; hence, much research is focused on improving their performance. The characteristics of lithium batteries, such as their high specific capacity, energy density, and the possibility of using non-toxic reagents in their manufacture [6][7][8][9], have enabled them to be used in various technological devices, especially in the automotive area, such as electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles [10,11], where energy density plays an important role. In this aspect, lithium batteries surpass other energy storage systems.…”