Comparison of monoclonal antibody staining and culture in diagnosing cervical chlamydial infection

Lipkin, Ellen S.; Moncada, Jeanne; Shafer, Mary–Ann; Wilson, Tracy; Schachter, Julius

doi:10.1128/jcm.23.1.114-117.1986

Cited by 90 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…We propose a model in which C. trachomatis exploits macrophages for the advantage of dissemination within a host (away from inflammatory foci), and potentially host-host transmission, as has been proposed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Criss & Seifert, 2012) and Staphylococcus aureus (Thwaites & Gant, 2011). C. trachomatis serovar L2 (LGV 434) was propagated in L929 cells grown in suspension culture or HeLa cells grown in T75 flasks and purified as previously described (Lipkin, Moncada, Shafer, Wilson, & Schachter, 1986). Chlamydial EB were isolated by sonic disruption of…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrusions are phagocytosed and promoteChlamydiasurvival within macrophages

Zuck

Ellis

Venida

et al. 2016

Cellular Microbiology

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The precise strategies that intracellular pathogens use to exit host cells have a direct impact on their ability to disseminate within a host, transmit to new hosts, and engage or avoid immune responses. The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis exits the host cell by two distinct exit strategies, lysis and extrusion. The defining characteristics of extrusions, and advantages gained by Chlamydia within this unique double‐membrane structure, are not well understood. Here, we define extrusions as being largely devoid of host organelles, comprised mostly of Chlamydia elementary bodies, and containing phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of the extrusion membrane. Extrusions also served as transient, intracellular‐like niches for enhanced Chlamydia survival outside the host cell. In addition to enhanced extracellular survival, we report the key discovery that chlamydial extrusions are phagocytosed by primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages, after which they provide a protective microenvironment for Chlamydia. Extrusion‐derived Chlamydia staved off macrophage‐based killing and culminated in the release of infectious elementary bodies from the macrophage. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which C. trachomatis extrusions serve as “trojan horses” for bacteria, by exploiting macrophages as vehicles for dissemination, immune evasion, and potentially transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrusions are phagocytosed and promoteChlamydiasurvival within macrophages

Zuck

Ellis

Venida

et al. 2016

Cellular Microbiology

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“…The DFA test for C. iruchornutis appears to be equally effective in both symptomatic and high-risk, high prevalence ( > 10"h) asymptomatic female subjects (8,11). However it is not recommended for low-risk populations as a screening test (2,3,6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The presence of columnar cells confirms that the specimen is collected from the endocervix. However, there are still no standard criteria for specimen adequacy (8,11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a direct fluorescent antibody test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens

Dereli

Ertem

Serter

et al. 1991

APMIS

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Evaluation of a direct fluorescent antibody test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens. APMIS 99: 961-964, 1991.A total of 160 endocervical specimens collected from 72 symptomatic and 82 asymptomatic women attending a gynecology outpatient clinic were investigated for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection by the use of tissue culture and DFA test. The infection rate was 42% for symptomatic and 23% for asymptomatic patient groups. The sensitivity rates of the DFA test in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were 84% and 75' 56, while the specificity rates were 89% and 95%, respectively. The DFA test had an overall sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 93%. There was 90% agreement between the two techniques. Therefore, DFA is recommended as an alternative to tissue culture where laboratory facilities are limited and genital chlamydia1 infections are highly prevalent.

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“…We propose a model in which C. trachomatis exploits macrophages for the advantage of dissemination within a host (away from inflammatory foci), and potentially host-host transmission, as has been proposed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae [25] and Staphylococcus aureus [26]. C. trachomatis serovar L2 (LGV 434) was propagated in L929 cells grown in suspension culture or HeLa cells grown in T75 flasks and purified as previously described [27]. Chlamydial EB were isolated by sonic disruption of L929 suspensions and purification by centrifugation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrusions promote engulfment andChlamydiasurvival within macrophages

Zuck

Venida

et al. 2016

Preprint

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All obligate intracellular pathogens must exit their host cells in order to propagate and survive as a species; the precise strategies they use have a direct impact on their ability to disseminate within a host, transmit to new hosts, and engage or avoid immune responses. The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis exits the host cell by two distinct exit strategies, lysis and extrusion. Despite being equally active pathways, lysis and extrusion differ greatly in their mechanisms. The defining characteristics of extrusions, and advantages gained by Chlamydia within this unique double-membrane structure are not well understood. Here, we present data that defines extrusions as being largely devoid of host organelles, comprised mostly of Chlamydia elementary bodies, and containing phosphatidylserine on the outer surface of the extrusion membrane. Towards defining a functional role for extrusions in Chlamydia pathogenesis, we demonstrate that extrusions confer significant infectious advantages for Chlamydia by serving as transient, intracellular-like niches for extracellular Chlamydia, as compared to Chlamydia that would otherwise exit by lysing the host cell. In addition to enhanced survival outside of the host cell, we report the key discovery that chlamydial extrusions can be engulfed by primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, after which they provide a protective microenvironment for Chlamydia. Extrusion-derived Chlamydia were able to stave off macrophage based killing beyond 8 h, and culminated in the release of infectious EB from the macrophage. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which a major outcome of Chlamydia exiting epithelial cells inside extrusions is to hijack macrophages as vehicles for dissemination within the host.

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Comparison of monoclonal antibody staining and culture in diagnosing cervical chlamydial infection

Cited by 90 publications

References 10 publications

Extrusions are phagocytosed and promoteChlamydiasurvival within macrophages

Extrusions are phagocytosed and promoteChlamydiasurvival within macrophages

Evaluation of a direct fluorescent antibody test for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens

Extrusions promote engulfment andChlamydiasurvival within macrophages

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