“…Additionally, DS measurements are also closely related to the cell's physiological state, and several properties like cell concentration (Zitzmann et al, 2018), changes in cell size (Randek & Mandenius, 2020), cell viability (Tibayrenc et al, 2011), and cell death can be estimated (Ma et al, 2019). However, applying this PAT tool can be challenging in the case of bacteria, especially recombinant E. coli , due to the smaller size of the cells (Ehgartner et al, 2015), high signal noise in the capacitance measurements (A. C. L. Horta et al, 2015), and sensitivity of the capacitance probe with aeration and agitation (Lira‐Parada et al, 2021). Therefore, it is essential to acquire reliable capacitance signals from the fed‐batch cultivation of recombinant E. coli producing biotherapeutic protein for its application in estimating the physiological properties of the organism.…”