Comparison of Operant Escape and Innate Reflex Responses to Nociceptive Skin Temperatures Produced by Heat and Cold Stimulation of Rats.

Vierck, Charles J.; Kline, R.; Wiley, Ronald G.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.3.627

Cited by 56 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…High drug doses could also interfere with operant measures but these are detectable with the OPAD 6 . Other studies have also demonstrated that the thresholds for escape from a painful stimulus are different for operant versus reflex-based measures 29,2,30 suggesting a major difference between an animals' perception of pain versus the speed of their spinal reflexes. A benefit of the OPAD is that the rodent can choose whether or not to perform the task, this allows the rodent to express escape or avoidance behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A benefit of the OPAD is that the rodent can choose whether or not to perform the task, this allows the rodent to express escape or avoidance behavior. This complex behavior requires cortical decision making to control the amount of nociception the rodent feels 14,29,15,30 . While escape and avoidance behaviors can interfere with reflex based measures these pain behaviors are an integral component of the OPAD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

Anderson

Mills

Nolan

et al. 2013

JoVE

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We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7°C and 60 °C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

Anderson

Mills

Nolan

et al. 2013

JoVE

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“…A modified hotplate test, as described previously, was used to assess effects of depletion of MOR-expressing dorsal horn neurons on innate spinal brainstem-spinal nocifensive reflex responses to noxious thermal stimuli (Vierck et al, 2004). In brief, before any testing, rats were acclimated to the room temperature test chamber, which consisted of a clear Plexiglas box (30 ϫ 30 ϫ 15 cm) with a ventilated lid sitting on a custom-built aluminum plate containing internal circulation channels to assure uniform surface temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phasic thermal pain in humans and thermal operant escape responses in animals to lower-intensity thermal stimuli produce sensations and nocifensive responses dominated by input from unmyelinated C nociceptors (Yeomans and Proudfit, 1996) that are highly sensitive to attenuation by systemic morphine (Cooper et al, 1986;. C nociceptors are preferentially activated by lower-intensity stimuli, 43-45°C (Vierck et al 2004). The present study seeks to determine whether selectively destroying dorsal horn MORexpressing neurons differentially alters morphine effects on nocifensive reflex responses to preferential activation of C thermal nociceptors (44°C) versus A-␦ thermal nociceptor activation (52°C).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal μ-Opioid Receptor-Expressing Dorsal Horn Neurons: Role in Nociception and Morphine Antinociception

Kline¹,

Wiley²

2008

J. Neurosci.

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The role of spinal cord -opioid receptor (MOR)-expressing dorsal horn neurons in nociception and morphine analgesia is incompletely understood. Using intrathecal dermorphin-saporin (Derm-sap) to selectively destroy MOR-expressing dorsal horn neurons, we sought to determine the role of these neurons in (1) normal baseline reflex nocifensive responses to noxious thermal stimulation (hotplate, tail flick) and to persistent noxious chemical stimulation (formalin) and (2) the antinociceptive activity of intrathecal and systemic morphine in the same tests. Lumbar intrathecal Derm-sap (500 ng) produced (1) partial loss of lamina II MOR-expressing dorsal horn neurons, (2) no effect on MOR-expressing dorsal root ganglion neurons, and (3) no change in baseline tail-flick and hotplate reflex nocifensive responses. Derm-sap treatment attenuated the antinociceptive action of both intrathecal and systemic morphine on hotplate responses. Derm-sap treatment had two effects in the formalin test: (1) increased baseline nocifensive responding and (2) reduced antinociceptive action of systemic morphine. We conclude that MOR-expressing dorsal horn neurons (1) are not essential for determining nocifensive reflex responsiveness to noxious thermal stimuli, (2) are necessary for full antinociceptive action of morphine (intrathecal or systemic) in these tests, and (3) play a significant role in the endogenous modulation of reflex nocifensive responses to persistent pain in the formalin test. Thus, one would predict that altering the activity of MOR-expressing dorsal horn neurons would be antinociceptive and of interest in the search for new approaches to management of chronic pain.

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“…Allchorne et al (2005), who defined cold threshold in normal rats at 5°C, and Jasmin et al (1998), who reported nocifensive behaviors Ͻ3°C. Using operant assays, Vierck et al (2004) reported thresholds for "lick/guard/jump" behaviors at ϳ4°C; however, escape behaviors were observed at much warmer temperatures (ϳ16°C).…”

Section: Neural Mechanisms Of Cold Somatosensationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Processing of Noxious and Innocuous Cold Information: Differential Modulation by the Periaqueductal Gray

Leith¹,

Koutsikou²,

Lumb³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

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In addition to cold being an important behavioral drive, altered cold sensation frequently accompanies pathological pain states. However, in contrast to peripheral mechanisms, central processing of cold sensory input has received relatively little attention. The present study characterized spinal responses to noxious and innocuous intensities of cold stimulation in vivo and established the extent to which they are modulated by descending control originating from the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a major determinant of acute and chronic pain. In lightly anesthetized rats, hindpaw cooling with ethyl chloride, but not acetone, was sufficiently noxious to evoke withdrawal reflexes, which were powerfully inhibited by ventrolateral (VL)-PAG stimulation. In a second series of experiments, subsets of spinal dorsal horn neurons were found to respond to innocuous and/or noxious cold. Descending control from the VL-PAG distinguished between activity in nociceptive versus non-nociceptive spinal circuits in that innocuous cold information transmitted by non-nociceptive class 1 and wide-dynamic-range class 2 neurons remained unaltered. In contrast, noxious cold information transmitted by class 2 neurons and all cold-evoked activity in nociceptive-specific class 3 neurons was significantly depressed. We therefore demonstrate that spinal responses to cold can be powerfully modulated by descending control systems originating in the PAG, and that this control selectively modulates transmission of noxious versus innocuous information. This has important implications for central processing of cold somatosensation and, given that chronic pain states are dependent on dynamic alterations in descending control, will help elucidate mechanisms underlying aberrant cold sensations that accompany pathological pain states.

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Comparison of Operant Escape and Innate Reflex Responses to Nociceptive Skin Temperatures Produced by Heat and Cold Stimulation of Rats.

Cited by 56 publications

References 22 publications

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

Spinal μ-Opioid Receptor-Expressing Dorsal Horn Neurons: Role in Nociception and Morphine Antinociception

Spinal Processing of Noxious and Innocuous Cold Information: Differential Modulation by the Periaqueductal Gray

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