Comparison of Oral Cephalexin, Topical Mupirocin and Topical Bacitracin for Treatment of Impetigo

Bass, James W.; Chan, Debora S.; Creamer, Kevin M.; Thompson, Mark; Malone, Francis; Becker, Theresa M.; Marks, Stephen N.

doi:10.1097/00006454-199707000-00013

Cited by 60 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Indeed, mupirocin-mediated nasal decolonization has been shown to be effective in reducing infections in burn wound, dialysis, and surgical patient populations, as well as S. aureus transmission among health care workers and intensive care unit patients (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). In addition to nasal decolonization, topical mupirocin has been used to successfully treat hemodialysis central venous catheter exit sites, impetigo, eczema, surgical wound sites, skin and soft tissue wounds, the breasts of breast-feeding mothers, and tympanic membrane lesions (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). However, the emergence of S. aureus mupirocin resistance has reduced the agent's efficacy both as a nasal decolonization agent and as a treatment option for skin and wound infections.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neomycin Sulfate Improves the Antimicrobial Activity of Mupirocin-Based Antibacterial Ointments

Blanchard

Brooks

Beckley

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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In the midst of the current antimicrobial pipeline void, alternative approaches are needed to reduce the incidence of infection and decrease reliance on last-resort antibiotics for the therapeutic intervention of bacterial pathogens. In that regard, mupirocin ointment-based decolonization and wound maintenance practices have proven effective in reducing Staphylococcus aureus transmission and mitigating invasive disease. However, the emergence of mupirocin-resistant strains has compromised the agent's efficacy, necessitating new strategies for the prevention of staphylococcal infections. Herein, we set out to improve the performance of mupirocin-based ointments. A screen of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library revealed that the antibiotic neomycin sulfate potentiates the antimicrobial activity of mupirocin, whereas other library antibiotics did not. Preliminary mechanism of action studies indicate that neomycin's potentiating activity may be mediated by inhibition of the organism's RNase P function, an enzyme that is believed to participate in the tRNA processing pathway immediately upstream of the primary target of mupirocin. The improved antimicrobial activity of neomycin and mupirocin was maintained in ointment formulations and reduced S. aureus bacterial burden in murine models of nasal colonization and wound site infections. Combination therapy improved upon the effects of either agent alone and was effective in the treatment of contemporary methicillin-susceptible, methicillin-resistant, and high-level mupirocin-resistant S. aureus strains. From these perspectives, combination mupirocin-and-neomycin ointments appear to be superior to that of mupirocin alone and warrant further development.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neomycin Sulfate Improves the Antimicrobial Activity of Mupirocin-Based Antibacterial Ointments

Blanchard

Brooks

Beckley

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…23 Fusidic acid was significantly better than erythromycin in one study (Park 1993) 24 , but no difference was seen between fusidic acid and cefuroxime in another arm of the same study. Bacitracin was significantly worse than oral cephalexin in one small study (Bass 1997) 16 , but no difference was seen between bacitracin and erythromycin (Koranyi 1976) 25, or penicillin (Ruby 1973). 26 A sensitivity analysis on the influence of the quality score on the comparison of mupirocin versus erythromycin (ten studies) revealed that there was no clear relation between the quality score of the study and the outcome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However no significant differences were seen between mupirocin and cephalexin (Bass 1997) 16 or ampicillin (Welsh 1987). 23 Fusidic acid was significantly better than erythromycin in one study (Park 1993) 24 , but no difference was seen between fusidic acid and cefuroxime in another arm of the same study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Evaluation of the effect of topical cefadroxil on bacterial load of pathogenic staphylococci in anterior nares in human volunteers, comparative study between oral vs. topical cefadroxil

Shah

Mehta

Shah

et al. 2013

Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol

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“…The data presented here suggest that a widespread virus like CHIKV could cause demyelinating disease following infection if E2 mutations are selected for which result in increased oligodendrocyte tropism. CNS involvement has become increasingly more common (59,60), and cases of demyelinating disease following CHIKV infection have been reported (61)(62)(63)(64), warranting further research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissecting the Role of E2 Protein Domains in Alphavirus Pathogenicity

Weger-Lucarelli

Aliota

Wlodarchak

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Alphaviruses represent a diverse set of arboviruses, many of which are important pathogens. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritis-inducing alphavirus, is the cause of a massive ongoing outbreak in the Caribbean and South America. In contrast to CHIKV, other related alphaviruses, such as Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV), can cause encephalitic disease. E2, the receptor binding protein, has been implicated as a determinant in cell tropism, host range, pathogenicity, and immunogenicity. Previous reports also have demonstrated that E2 contains residues important for host range expansions and monoclonal antibody binding; however, little is known about what role each protein domain (e.g., A, B, and C) of E2 plays on these factors. Therefore, we constructed chimeric cDNA clones between CHIKV and VEEV or SFV to probe the effect of each domain on pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo. CHIKV chimeras containing each of the domains of the E2 (⌬DomA, ⌬DomB, and ⌬DomC) from SFV, but not VEEV, were successfully rescued. Interestingly, while all chimeric viruses were attenuated compared to CHIKV in mice, ⌬DomB virus showed similar rates of infection and dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, suggesting differing roles for the E2 protein in different hosts. In contrast to CHIKV; ⌬DomB, and to a lesser extent ⌬DomA, caused neuron degeneration and demyelination in mice infected intracranially, suggesting a shift toward a phenotype similar to SFV. Thus, chimeric CHIKV/SFV provide insights on the role the alphavirus E2 protein plays on pathogenesis. T he alphaviruses represent a diverse family of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), many of which are important veterinary or human pathogens. Their transmission cycles involve both an arthropod vector and vertebrate host, resulting in unique evolutionary restrictions. The genus Alphavirus (family Togaviridae) currently includes 29 species that are grouped into 10 complexes based on antigenic, genetic, and/or geographic similarities (1). The aquatic alphaviruses infect marine mammals and have been isolated in lice, although their role as a vector remains unknown (2). The New World alphaviruses include important veterinary and human pathogens, such as the equine encephalitis viruses, Venezuelan (VEEV), eastern (EEEV), and western (WEEV), all of which cause fatal encephalitic disease in both humans and animals such as horses and birds (3). The Old World alphaviruses, present mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia, are commonly associated with arthritic disease, fever, and rash. IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused large outbreaks of acute and chronic arthritis throughout Africa and SoutheastChikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most medically relevant Old World alphavirus and is the current cause of an outbreak of arthritic disease in the Americas, with more than 1 million cases in at least 44 countries, including the United States (4). CHIKV, which reemerged in 2004, has previously caused explosive epidemics of acute and chronic ...

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Comparison of Oral Cephalexin, Topical Mupirocin and Topical Bacitracin for Treatment of Impetigo

Cited by 60 publications

References 15 publications

Neomycin Sulfate Improves the Antimicrobial Activity of Mupirocin-Based Antibacterial Ointments

Neomycin Sulfate Improves the Antimicrobial Activity of Mupirocin-Based Antibacterial Ointments

Evaluation of the effect of topical cefadroxil on bacterial load of pathogenic staphylococci in anterior nares in human volunteers, comparative study between oral vs. topical cefadroxil

Dissecting the Role of E2 Protein Domains in Alphavirus Pathogenicity

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