Comparison of oral metabolome profiles of stimulated saliva, unstimulated saliva, and mouth-rinsed water

Abstract

Saliva includes a substantial amount of biological information, which has enabled us to understand the relationship between oral metabolites and various oral and systemic disorders. However, collecting saliva using a controlled protocol is time-consuming, making saliva an unsuitable analyte in large cohort studies. Mouth-rinsed water (MW), the water used to rinse the mouth, can be collected easily in less time with less difference between subjects than saliva and could be used as an alternative in oral metabolome analyses. In this study, we investigated the potential of MW collection as an efficient alternative to saliva sample collection for oral metabolome profiling. MW, stimulated saliva, and unstimulated saliva were collected from 10 systemically healthy participants. The samples were subjected to metabolome analysis using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the types and amounts of metabolites in the samples were compared. Qualitatively, MW contained the same metabolites as unstimulated and stimulated saliva. While the quantity of the metabolites did not drastically change between the sampling methods, all three reflected individual differences, and the features of MW were the same as those of the unstimulated saliva. Overall, these results suggest that MW may be an appropriate alternative to saliva in oral metabolome profile analysis.

Diagnostic accuracy of active matrix metalloproteinase‐8 point‐of‐care test for the discrimination of periodontal health status: Comparison of saliva and oral rinse samples

“…Saliva is a mixed fluid containing components originating from serum, bacteria, food debris, salivary secretion, and GCF 6 . Oral rinse samples contain the mixture of GCF from the gingival sulcus or periodontal pockets of the whole dentition, thereby reflecting the situation of the whole periodontium 7 ; importantly, oral rinses contain less salivary proteins and different visco‐elastic properties 8 . As different oral fluid sample types (saliva and oral rinse) differ in their composition and properties, it may affect the biomarker profile and test result when applied in diagnostics.…”

Salivary noncoding RNA in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: Systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Koopaie et al 47 proposed that unstimulated saliva could be used accurately for breast cancer diagnosis. By contrast, Vercher et al 48 reported that stimulated saliva contains bacterial species over three times higher than its resting counterpart, while Maruyama et al 49 claimed there is no significant difference between stimulated and unstimulated saliva from the same individual concerning the oral metabolomic profiles. Despite the lack of agreement, the pancreas shares histological and functional similarities with salivary glands, and in particular, the parotid salivary gland.…”

Updates and Original Case Studies Focused on the NMR-Linked Metabolomics Analysis of Human Oral Fluids Part III: Implementations for the Diagnosis of Non-Cancerous Disorders, Both Oral and Systemic

“…One potentially interesting proposal put forward by Maruyama et al [ 15 ] featured the collection and analysis of mouth-rinsed water (MW), the rationale being that the collection of WMS under controlled protocols was defined by them as time-consuming and onerous, and hence apparently was unsuitable for use in large cohort investigations. According to the authors, MW may be easily collected in less time than that taken for WMS collection, and with ‘…less difference between subjects…’, whatever exactly that may indicate?…”