Comparison of osteogenic differentiation potential of induced pluripotent stem cells on 2D and 3D polyvinylidene fluoride scaffolds

Abstract

In recent decades, tissue engineering has been the most contributor for introducing 2D and 3D biocompatible osteoinductive scaffolds as bone implants. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), due to the unique mechanical strength and piezoelectric properties, can be a good choice for making a bone bioimplant. In the present study, PVDF nanofibers and film were fabricated as 3D and 2D scaffolds, and then, osteogenic differentiation potential of the human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was investigated when grown on the scaffolds by evaluating the common osteogenic markers in comparison with tissue culture plate. Biocompatibility of the fabricated scaffolds was confirmed qualitatively and quantitatively by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide and scanning electron microscopy assays. Human iPSCs cultured on PVDF nanofibers showed a significantly higher alkaline phosphate activity and calcium content compared with the iPSCs cultured on PVDF film. Osteogenic‐related genes and proteins were also expressed in the iPSCs seeded on PVDF nanofibers significantly higher than iPSCs seeded on PVDF film, when investigated by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. According to the results, the PVDF nanofibrous scaffold showed a greater osteoinductive property compared with the PVDF film and due to the material similarity of the scaffolds, it could be concluded that the 3D structure could lead to better bone differentiation. Taken together, the obtained results demonstrated that human iPSC‐seeded PVDF nanofibrous scaffold could be considered as a promising candidate for use in bone tissue engineering applications.

Fucosylated umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cell expansion on selectin‐coated scaffolds

“…In this regard, different nanofibrous scaffolds have been used to improve the efficiency of cell culture and tissue engineering of stem cells in a 3D manner. The improved capacity of the PLLA scaffolds with a high surface‐to‐volume ratio, as an environment for uHSCs culture, led to the employment of these nanostructures in the present study (Islami, Mortazavi, Soleimani, & Nadri, ; Mirzaei et al, ; Nie et al, ).…”

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Dental and Nondental Tissue Regeneration: A Review of an Unexploited Potential

“…iPSCs revealed significantly high ALP activity, calcium content, and osteogenicrelated genes after seeding on 3D PVDF [116] and PHBV scaffolds [117]. Moreover, OCN and OPN protein expressions were elevated on day 21 after cell seeding [116,117]. Utilizing different ratios from nano-HA [49] or different miRNAs (miR-22 and miR-126) [50] in chitosan/gelatin (CG) scaffold or electrospun PCL nanofiber 13 Stem Cells International scaffold, respectively, was also reported to affect the osteogenic differentiation of human iPSCs.…”

“…Human iPSCs derived from human embryonic kidney-EB were utilized to compare the osteoinductive properties of 3D nanofibrous scaffold of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with 2D scaffold [116] as well as to assess electrospun poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanofiber scaffold [117]. iPSCs revealed significantly high ALP activity, calcium content, and osteogenicrelated genes after seeding on 3D PVDF [116] and PHBV scaffolds [117]. Moreover, OCN and OPN protein expressions were elevated on day 21 after cell seeding [116,117].…”

On the road to smart biomaterials for bone research: definitions, concepts, advances, and outlook

“…110 Osteogenesis-related genes and proteins, such as RUNX2, Col I, and Osteonectin were significantly upregulated in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) seeded on 3D scaffolds made of PVDF nanofibers as compared to iPSCs seeded on 2D PVDF films. 110 When osteoblasts were grown on oxygen plasma-treated permanently hydrophilic nanofibrous PVDF scaffolds, cells demonstrated a higher degree of cell spreading and cell activity, as indicated by the increase in intracellular calcium levels, compared to the same cells grown on non-treated PVDF scaffolds. 111 PVDF nanofibers modified with GO (5 mg•mL −1 ) promoted osteogenesis in iPSCs culture as inferred from the enhanced expression of RUNX2 and OCN on day 21.…”