Comparison of Oxidative Status of Human Milk, Human Milk Fortifiers and Preterm Infant Formulas

Pozzo, Luisa; Cirrincione, Simona; Russo, Rossella; Karamać, Magdalena; Amarowicz, Ryszard; Coscia, Alessandra; Antoniazzi, Sara; Cavallarin, Laura; Giribaldi, Marzia

doi:10.3390/foods8100458

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…To ensure a continuous human milk-based diet with sufficient nutrition for their preterm infants, mothers often need to express their milk, fortify and refrigerate it ( 30 ). Even though changes in the chemical properties of breastmilk following fortification have been reported previously ( 37 – 39 ), fortification of breastmilk is extremely important for nutrition and growth of some preterm infants ( 40 ). Compared to preterm breastmilk, our data demonstrate that the volatile profile of breastmilk with bovine milk-based fortifier (BMF) is marked by products generated through lipolysis (fatty acids) and lipid auto-oxidation (ketones and aldehydes), suggesting that changes in breastmilk properties occur within the recommended refrigerated storage period for fortified breastmilk ( 30 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Cues in Infant Feeds: Volatile Profiles of Different Milks Fed to Preterm Infants

et al. 2021

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Background: Smell is determined by odor-active volatile compounds that bind to specific olfactory receptors, allowing us to discriminate different smells. Olfactory stimulation may assist with digestion and metabolism of feeds in the neonate by activation of the cephalic phase response of digestion. Infants' physiological responses to the smell of different milks suggest they can distinguish between breastmilk and infant formula. We aimed to describe the profile of volatile compounds in preterm breastmilk and investigate how this differed from that of other preterm infant feeding options including pasteurized donor breastmilk, breastmilk with bovine milk-based fortifier, human milk-based products and various infant formulas.Methods: Forty-seven milk samples (13 different infant formulas and 34 human milk-based samples) were analyzed. Volatile compounds were extracted using Solid Phase Micro Extraction. Identification and relative quantification were carried out by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's HSD (parametric data) or Conover's post-hoc test (non-parametric data) were used as appropriate to explore differences in volatile profiles among milk types.Results: In total, 122 compounds were identified. Breastmilk containing bovine milk-based fortifier presented the highest number of compounds (109) and liquid formula the lowest (70). The profile of volatile compounds varied with 51 compounds significantly different (adjusted p < 0.001) among milk types. PCA explained 47% of variability. Compared to preterm breastmilk, the profile of volatile compounds in breastmilk with added bovine milk-based fortifier was marked by presence of fatty acids and their esters, ketones and aldehydes; infant formulas were characterized by alkyls, aldehydes and furans, and human milk-based products presented high concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons, terpenoids and specific fatty acids.Conclusions: Sensory-active products of fatty acid oxidation are the major contributors to olfactory cues in infant feeds. Analysis of volatile compounds might be useful for monitoring quality of milk and detection of oxidation products and environmental contaminants. Further research is needed to determine whether these different volatile compounds have biological or physiological effects in nutrition of preterm infants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Cues in Infant Feeds: Volatile Profiles of Different Milks Fed to Preterm Infants

et al. 2021

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“…Furthermore, because of the immature renal tubular reabsorption of AAs, an excessive protein intake could be responsible for an increased excretion of these compounds in urine [ 38 ]. Even though we did not characterize the AA composition of the two fortifiers, considering the similarity of the two groups under investigation in terms of immaturity characteristics (i.e., gestational and postnatal age) and protein and energy intakes, as well as the differences in form and type of proteins between the two fortifications [ 39 ], we do not rule out a possible role of AA compositions and of protein quality on the higher urinary levels of leucine and lysine observed in B-HMF as compared with D-HMF. Furthermore, very recently, a clinical trial [ 40 ] on term infants breastfed or fed with two different formulas demonstrated that, before the introduction of complementary foods, circulating AAs, including leucine and lysine, were more abundant in the serum metabolome of formula-fed infants, whose metabolic phenotype was also characterized by high levels of insulin and urea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Metabolomic Profile of Preterm Infants Receiving Human Milk with Either Bovine or Donkey Milk-Based Fortifiers

Giribaldi¹,

Peila

Coscia

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Fortification of human milk (HM) for preterm and very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants is a standard practice in most neonatal intensive care units. The optimal fortification strategy and the most suitable protein source for achieving better tolerance and growth rates for fortified infants are still being investigated. In a previous clinical trial, preterm and VLBW infants receiving supplementation of HM with experimental donkey milk-based fortifiers (D-HMF) showed decreased signs of feeding intolerance, including feeding interruptions, bilious gastric residuals and vomiting, with respect to infants receiving bovine milk-based fortifiers (B-HMF). In the present ancillary study, the urinary metabolome of infants fed B-HMF (n = 27) and D-HMF (n = 27) for 21 days was analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy at the beginning (T0) and at the end (T1) of the observation period. Results showed that most temporal changes in the metabolic responses were common in the two groups, providing indications of postnatal adaptation. The significantly higher excretion of galactose in D-HMF and of carnitine, choline, lysine and leucine in B-HMF at T1 were likely due to different formulations. In conclusion, isocaloric and isoproteic HM fortification may result in different metabolic patterns, as a consequence of the different quality of the nutrients provided by the fortifiers.

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“…The authors tested the antioxidant potential of human milk with ABTS and TBARS tests and obtained results indicating a high pro-health potential as necessary for healthy growth at every stage of an infant’s life, but also stressed that this milk loses its value during the pasteurization process. On the other hand, Pozzo et al [ 65 ] also discuss the health potential of human milk but mentioned that its antioxidant potential, tested with ABTS and DPPH methods, was lower than infant formulas dedicated to preterm and low birth weight infants. It was stated that the use of human milk minimizes the intake of dietary oxidative compounds in comparison to infant formulas due to the malondialdehyde content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Manifold Bioactivity and Immunoreactivity of Microbial Proteins of Cow and Human Mature Milk in Late Lactation

Ogrodowczyk

Jeż

Wróblewska

2022

Animals

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(1) Human milk (HM) is a source of many microorganisms, whose structure contains microbial protein (MP). In addition to the known health-promoting properties of HM, many activities, including immunoreactivity, may result from the presence of MP. Cow’s milk (CM)-derived MP may be 10 times more abundant than MP derived from HM. (2) Raw cow’s milk samples of Holstein and Jersey breeds, commercially available pasteurized milk, and milk from three human donors in the late lactation phase were subjected to chemical and microbiological analyzes. Microorganisms from the milk material were recovered, cultured, and their activities were tested. MPs were extracted and their immunoreactivity was tested with human high IgE pooled sera. The milk types were subjected to simulated digestion. Milk and microbial proteins were identified with LCMS and subjected to an in silico analysis of their activities. Their antioxidant potential was analysed with the DPPH method. (3) The MP of HM shows a stronger IgE and IgG immunoreactivity in the tests with human sera compared to the MP of CM (p = 0.001; p = 0.02, respectively). There were no significant differences between the microbes in the MP of different cattle breeds. The MS-identification and in silico tests of milk and microbial proteins confirmed the presence of MP with immunoreactivity and antioxidant potential. (4) MPs possess a broad bioactive effect, which was determined by an in silico tools. The balance between an MP’s individual properties probably determines the raw material’s safety, which undoubtedly requires further research.

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Comparison of Oxidative Status of Human Milk, Human Milk Fortifiers and Preterm Infant Formulas

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

Olfactory Cues in Infant Feeds: Volatile Profiles of Different Milks Fed to Preterm Infants

Olfactory Cues in Infant Feeds: Volatile Profiles of Different Milks Fed to Preterm Infants

Urinary Metabolomic Profile of Preterm Infants Receiving Human Milk with Either Bovine or Donkey Milk-Based Fortifiers

The Manifold Bioactivity and Immunoreactivity of Microbial Proteins of Cow and Human Mature Milk in Late Lactation

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