“…Due to the substantial importance of the promoter in gene transcription and expression, many studies have focused on promoter modification and substitution (Blazeck and Alper, , ; Darst, ; Ishihama, ). In B. subtilis , various constitutive and inducible promoters have been identified or developed: P43 is the constitutive, strong promoter of the (deoxy) cytidine deaminase gene (Kim et al, ) and widely used for the expression of amylase, β‐lactamase, keratinase and dehydrogenase, etc. (Li et al, ; Liu et al, ; Wang et al, ; Wu et al, ); P spac is an artificial promoter that contains the phage SPO‐1 core promoter and the E. coli lacI ‐ lacO operon (Lecointe et al, ; Yansura and Henner, ); additionally, other promoters, e.g., P amyE , P aprE , P cry3Aa , and P luxS have been reported (Kim et al, ; Liu et al, ; Yang et al, ), and B. licheniformis P luxS increased P43 intensity by eightfold (Yang et al, ).…”