Comparison of Periodontal Status Between Male Exclusive Narghile Smokers and Male Exclusive Cigarette Smokers

Abstract

Studies evaluating the effects of narghile use on the periodontium present conflicting conclusions. This study aimed to compare the periodontal status of exclusive narghile smokers (ENSs, n = 74) to that of exclusive cigarette smokers (ECSs, n = 74). Males aged 20–40 years were recruited to participate in this comparative study. Information concerning oral health habits (number of yearly visits to the dentist, daily toothbrushing frequency) and tobacco exposure were obtained. Clinical measurements were performed on all the existing teeth, except the third molars. The number of remaining teeth and decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) were noted. The plaque levels were recorded using the plaque index of Löe and Silness. The gingival index modified by Löe was used to evaluate gingival inflammation. Teeth mobility was measured using bidigital mobility. The probing pocket depth was measured using a periodontal probe. Periodontal disease was defined as the presence of at least 10 sites with a probing depth ≥5 mm. Student’s t and chi-square tests were used to compare, respectively, the two groups’ quantitative and qualitative data. The two groups were matched for quantities of used tobacco, age, daily toothbrushing frequency, teeth mobility, number of remaining teeth, plaque index, and DMFT. Compared to the ECS group, the ENS group had a significantly lower number of yearly visits to the dentist (mean ± SD : 0.2 ± 0.5 vs. 0.1 ± 0.2), lower probing pocket depth (mean ± SD : 2.33 ± 0.63 vs. 2.02 ± 0.80 mm), and gingival index (median [interquartile]: 0.46 [0.10–0.89] vs. 0.00 [0.00–0.50]), and it included significantly lower percentages of smokers with periodontal disease (24.3% vs. 9.5%). In conclusion, chronic exclusive narghile smoking has fewer adverse effects on the periodontium than chronic exclusive cigarette smoking.

Impact of waterpipe smoking on oral health of users: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Three studies evaluated adult patients from 17-14 or 18- 15,19 to 60-yearsold, while six studies restricted the age range to reduce the risk of age interference on results. [16][17][18][20][21][22] Seven articles rated the Middle Eastern population [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and two articles North African participants. 21,22 The oldest study included in this systematic review 14 suggested that vertical periodontal bone loss is higher in tobacco smokers.…”

Condições periodontais e fatores associados a profundidade de sondagem em pacientes de uma faculdade do sul do Brasil

“…Khan et al (16) observaram ma prevalência de 81,6% de periodontite em indivíduos fumantes no Paquistão, observando que os indivíduos tabagistas excessivos tiveram 3,5 vezes mais chances de desenvolver periodontite crônica do que os tabagistas moderados e leves. Khemis et al (17) avaliaram os efeitos do uso de narguilé no periodonto em comparação ao uso de cigarros em 148 indivíduos jovens e adultos, e verificaram que em comparação com os indivíduos que utilizavam somente narguilé, os tabagistas apresentavam significativamente maior profundidade de bolsa e índice gengival, ainda observando que todos os fumantes da amostra apresentavam mobilidade dentária, o que fez com que os autores concluíssem que tanto o uso de narguilé quanto o tabaco alteram a saúde bucal, porém, os tabagistas exclusivos e crônicos apresentaram mais efeitos prejudiciais no periodonto. No estudo de Mohanty et al (18) , 80 tabagistas foram avaliados afim de comparar os níveis de biomarcadores em diferentes grupos de fumantes para o diagnóstico de periodontite e a sua relevância clínica, sendo que a hemoglobina livre foi maior em fumantes leves em comparação aos fumantes graves, concluindo que, a gravidade da DP aumentou conforme Rigo L. y cols.…”

The adverse health effects of waterpipe smoking in adolescents and young adults: A narrative review

“…The following effects of WP smoking have been studied in the oral cavity in young adults: physiological and biochemical changes in saliva 18,19 ; inflammation and cytological effects including chromosomal aberrations in the oral mucosa [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] ; oral infection and alteration of the oral microbiome 24,27 ; and impairment of periodontal health [28][29][30] (Table 1). The evidence indicates that WP smoking impairs oral health among young adults, and the demonstration of its genotoxicity in oral mucosal cells is consistent across studies.…”

“…Tooth and periodontal effects Khemiss et al 29 reported similar (decayed/missing/ filled teeth, plaque index, and tooth mobility) or better (gingival index, probing pocket depth, and periodontal disease) degrees for indicators of teeth and gum health in young adult WP smokers compared to cigarette smokers. However, the same authors had observed higher plaque index in WP smokers in a prior study 30 .…”