Comparison of phenotypic trait variation and total protein polymorphism in local and exotic germplasms of<i>Medicago sativa</i>in Iran

Shanjani, Parvin Salehi; Salehi, P; Jafari, Ali

doi:10.1080/00288233.2013.781508

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 35 publications

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“…Alfalfa also can be used in the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils [2,3] and the improvement of soil fertility and physicochemical properties on account of its large root system [4]. Alfalfa is widely introduced and cultivated in more than 80 countries around the world, with the total planted area exceeding 32 million hectares [5,6]. The United States has 8.90 million hectares of alfalfa, with an estimated product value of over USD 9.3 billion in 2018 [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alfalfa Spring Black Stem and Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Phoma medicaginis: Epidemic Occurrence and Impacts

Lan,

Zhou,

Duan

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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Alfalfa spring black stem and leaf spot disease (ASBS) is a cosmopolitan soil-borne and seed-borne disease caused by Phoma medicaginis, which adversely affects the yield, and nutritive value and can stimulate production of phyto-oestrogenic compounds at levels that may adversely affect ovulation rates in animals. This review summarizes the host range, damage, and symptoms of this disease, and general features of the infection cycle, epidemic occurrence, and disease management. ASBS has been reported from over 40 countries, and often causes severe yield loss. Under greenhouse conditions, reported yield loss was 31–82% for roots, 32–80% for leaves, 21% for stems and 26–28% for seedlings. In field conditions, the forage yield loss is up to 56%, indicating that a single-cut yield of 5302 kg/ha would be reduced to 2347 kg/ha. P. medicaginis can infect up to 50 species of plants, including the genera Medicago, Trifolium, Melilotus, and Vicia. ASBS is more severe during warm spring conditions before the first harvest than in hot summer and cooler winter conditions, and can infect alfalfa roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds, with leaf spot and/or black stem being the most typical symptoms. The primary infection is caused by the overwintering spores and mycelia in the soil, and on seeds and the cortex of dead and dry stems. The use of resistant cultivars is the most economical and effective strategy for the control of ASBS. Although biological control has been studied in the glasshouse and is promising, chemical control is the main control method in agriculture.

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