Bulk gold shows photoluminescence
(PL) with a negligible quantum yield of ∼10–10, which can be increased by orders of magnitude in the case of gold
nanoparticles. This bears huge potential to use noble metal nanoparticles
as fluorescent and unbleachable stains in bioimaging or for optical
data storage. Commonly, the enhancement of the PL yield is attributed
to nanoparticle plasmons, specifically to the enhancements of scattering
or absorption cross sections. Tuning the shape or geometry of gold
nanostructures (e.g., via reducing the distance between two nanoparticles)
allows for redshifting both the scattering and the PL spectra. However,
while the scattering cross section increases with a plasmonic redshift,
the PL yield decreases, indicating that the common simple picture
of a plasmonically boosted gold luminescence needs more detailed consideration.
In particular, precise experiments as well as numerical simulations
are required. Hence, we systematically varied the distance between
the tips of two gold bipyramids on the nanometer scale using AFM manipulation
and recorded the PL and the scattering spectra for each separation.
We find that the PL intensity decreases as the interparticle coupling
increases. This anticorrelation is explained by a theoretical model
where both the gold-intrinsic d-band hole recombination probabilities
as well as the field strength inside the nanostructure are considered.
The scattering cross section or the field strength in the hot-spot
between the tips of the bipyramids are not relevant for the PL intensity.
Besides, we not only observe PL supported by dipolar plasmon resonances,
but also measure and simulate PL supported by higher order plasmonic
modes.