Comparison of polarization handling methods in coherent optical systems

Noé, R.; Rodler, H.; Ebberg, A.; Gaukel, G.; Noll, B.; Wittmann, J.; Auracher, F.

doi:10.1109/50.90934

Cited by 53 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In some applications (for example, sensing), the measurement stability is enhanced by making the BGS polarisation-independent based on adaptive polarisation control [7], polarisation diversity [8], Faraday rotation [9] and polarisation scrambling [10]. However, in evaluating the Brillouin properties, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the BGS measurement is often maximised using polarisation controllers (PCs) [5,6].…”

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confidence: 99%

Polarisation state optimisation in observing Brillouin scattering signal in polymer optical fibres

Mizuno

Hayashi

2013

Electron. lett.

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In general, the state of polarisation (SOP) should be adjusted to optimise the signal-to-noise ratio of Brillouin measurement based on self-heterodyne detection. Although Brillouin Stokes power in silica fibres is known to be enhanced by optimising the SOP, the role of SOP optimisation in polymer optical fibres (POFs) is quite different from that in silica fibres. In this reported work, it is clarified that the role of SOP optimisation in POFs lies not in enhancing the Brillouin Stokes power but in suppressing the tail of the Rayleigh-scattered light spectrum.Introduction: Brillouin scattering in optical fibres [1] has been applied to a number of devices, such as lasers, microwave signal processors, slow light generators, optical storages and strain/temperature sensors [2][3][4]. To improve the performance of these devices, Brillouin scattering properties have been investigated not only in glass optical fibres (including silica fibres, tellurite fibres, chalcogenide fibres, photonic crystal fibres and rare-earth-doped fibres) but also in polymer optical fibres (POFs) (including perfluorinated graded-index (PFGI-) POFs [5, 6] and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based step-index (SI-) POFs).In general, self-heterodyne detection is employed to obtain Brillouin gain spectra (BGS) with a high-frequency resolution [3,5], where the relative state of polarisation (SOP) between the Stokes light and the reference light needs to be adjusted. In some applications (for example, sensing), the measurement stability is enhanced by making the BGS polarisation-independent based on adaptive polarisation control [7], polarisation diversity [8], Faraday rotation [9] and polarisation scrambling [10]. However, in evaluating the Brillouin properties, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the BGS measurement is often maximised using polarisation controllers (PCs) [5,6]. Although it is well known that the role of SOP optimisation in silica fibres is to simply maximise the Brillouin Stokes power [1], the role of SOP optimisation in POFs has not been clarified yet. In this Letter, we experimentally show that the role of SOP optimisation in POFs consists in suppressing the tail of Rayleigh-scattered light spectrum, not in maximising the Stokes power itself.

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confidence: 99%

Polarisation state optimisation in observing Brillouin scattering signal in polymer optical fibres

Mizuno

Hayashi

2013

Electron. lett.

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“…Therefore, a laser diode (LD) with ࣘ1-MHz linewidth is suitable. Moreover, the Brillouin scattering power measured by self-heterodyne detection is highly dependent on the relative polarization state between the Stokes light and reference light, which sometimes leads to unstable measurements [33], [44], [45].…”

Section: A Brillouin Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pattern was no longer observed. Thus, the interference pattern was almost completely suppressed by optimizing the polarization state; however, the emergence of the interference pattern cannot be avoided in many practical cases, such as cases where adaptive polarization control cannot be performed or where polarization diversity [44] or polarization scrambling [33], [45] is employed.…”

Section: A Mach-zehnder Interferometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber-Optic Interferometry Using Narrowband Light Source and Electrical Spectrum Analyzer: Influence on Brillouin Measurement

Mizuno

Hayashi

2014

J. Lightwave Technol.

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We observe an interference pattern using a simple fiber-optic interferometer consisting of an electrical spectrum analyzer and a narrowband light source, which is commonly employed for observing the Brillouin gain spectrum. This interference pattern expands well beyond the frequency range corresponding to the Brillouin frequency shift in silica fibers (ß11 GHz at 1.55 μm). Using both silica single-mode and polymer optical sensing fibers, we then experimentally prove that the distinctive noise in a selfheterodyne-based Brillouin measurement with an unoptimized polarization state originates from the interference between the reference light and the Fresnel-reflected light. This noise can be almost completely suppressed by employing a delay line that is longer than the coherence length of the light source and by artificially applying a high loss near the open end of the sensing fiber. Index Terms-Brillouinscattering, fiber-optic interferometry, nonlinear optics, polymer optical fiber. I. INTRODUCTION S UBSTANTIAL efforts have been directed toward the study of Brillouin scattering in optical fibers [1] in the last 40 years, and a number of related applications have been developed, including lasing [1], microwave signal processing [2], core alignment [3], optical memory [4], slow light generation [5], and distributed strain and temperature sensing [6]-[10]. To improve the performance of these applications, Brillouin scattering properties have been investigated not only in standard silica glass fibers [11], [12] but also in various specialty fibers, such as tellurite fibers [13], [14], bismuth-oxide fibers [14], chalcogenide fibers [15], photonic crystal fibers [16], and fibers doped with rare-earth ions (erbium, thulium, etc.) [17], [18]. Each fiber type has its own distinctive features; for instance, the Brillouin scattering power in tellurite and chalcogenide fibers is far higher than that in other fibers, whereas the Brillouin scattering power in erbium-doped fibers at 1.55 μm can be tuned by controlling the 980-nm pump power. However, all of these glass fibers are fragile and require careful handling; in sensing Manuscript

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“…According to (4), the action of the modulator, M …t †, may be conceived as a superposition of elementary spectral polarization actions, each of them occurring at an integer multiple of the modulating frequency.…”

Section: Time-varying Device Matrices and Spectral Device Matricesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonlinear dynamics of lasers at intracavity modulation of polarization was analysed [3]. Various polarization handling methods were elaborated, in connection with the needs of optical transmission of information [4]. The use of bistable elements based on polarization dynamics for optical storage devices and ultra-high bit-rate ®bre communication systems was proposed [5].…”

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Spectral analysis of the device operators in polarization dynamics

Tudor¹

2001

Journal of Modern Optics

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The spectral analysis of the device (instrument) operators, as an alternative approach to the dynamical polarization phenomena, is presented by means of an example of a classical time-varying optical device, the electrooptical modulator with longitudinal e ect in crystals of KDP type. The polarization-spectral structure of the modulated light is analysed on this basis, both in terms of spectral Jones vectors and of spectral polarization matrices. Some experimental results are presented. IntroductionIn the last few years dynamical polarization phenomena have been studied intensively in di erent branches of optics. Spontaneous pulsation and polarization multistability resulting from the nonlinear interaction of the standing waves with the active medium in gas lasers with weakly anisotropic cavities have been studied at di erent cavity anisotropies with and without an axial magnetic ®eld applied to the active medium [1,2]. Nonlinear dynamics of lasers at intracavity modulation of polarization was analysed [3]. Various polarization handling methods were elaborated, in connection with the needs of optical transmission of information [4]. The use of bistable elements based on polarization dynamics for optical storage devices and ultra-high bit-rate ®bre communication systems was proposed [5]. Various types of rotating element ellipsometers [6] have been described and the real-time ellipsometry was developed on this basis. Polarization-modulation ellipsometry has been developed, where the optical components remain ®xed and the state of polarization of the incident beam is modulated [7].Time-varying Jones and Stokes vectors were introduced in analysing the polarization dynamics phenomena [3, 8±10] and the time evolution of the state of optical polarization (SOP) in the output of anisotropic lasers [1,3,8,9] and optical modulators [10±13] was analysed in these terms.To complement this, a spectral analysis of the time-varying SOPs was performed. The polarization-spectral content of the anisotropic laser output [1,3,9], or of the emerging light from some electro-optical modulators [10] was discussed and the homodyne (beat-signal) spectrum of the output light was displayed [10±14].As a new theoretical approach to the topic of polarization dynamics, Fourier analysis was applied to time-varying Jones vectors and time-varying polarization

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Comparison of polarization handling methods in coherent optical systems

Cited by 53 publications

References 44 publications

Polarisation state optimisation in observing Brillouin scattering signal in polymer optical fibres

Polarisation state optimisation in observing Brillouin scattering signal in polymer optical fibres

Fiber-Optic Interferometry Using Narrowband Light Source and Electrical Spectrum Analyzer: Influence on Brillouin Measurement

Spectral analysis of the device operators in polarization dynamics

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