Comparison of Polyphenol Oxidase Activities in Wheats and Flours from Australian and U.S. Cultivars

Baik, Byung‐Kee; Czuchajowska, Z.; Pomeranz, Y.

doi:10.1006/jcrs.1994.1036

Cited by 79 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…1.10.32; diphenol oxygen oxidoreductase, diphenol oxidase, or catecholase) in the presence of oxygen. The quinones react with amines and thiol groups or undergo selfpolymerization to produce dark or brown products (Mayer and Harel 1979;Baik et al 1994;Anderson and Morris 2001). Generally, PPO activity is located in the bran and more specifically in the aleurone layer of wheat kernels, both of which are mostly removed during the milling process (Sullivan 1964).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 46%

“…This is in agreement with the results of Raman et al (2005) who identified a major QTL controlling PPO activities on the long arm of chromosome 2A in a DH population derived from 'Chara' (medium-high PPO)/'WW2499' (low PPO). Baik et al (1994) and Park et al (1997) reported that PPO activity in common wheat is influenced by both genotype and environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 43%

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Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents

2012

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in grain plays a major role in time-dependent discoloration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) products, especially fresh noodles. Breeding wheat cultivars with low or nil PPO activity can reduce undesirable product darkening. The low PPO line PI 117635 was crossed to two low PPO wheats, IDO580 and 'IDO377s', to determine whether matings between wheats with low levels of grain PPO would result in complementation, such that lines with still lower or nil PPO would be generated. Progeny in a population derived from PI 117635/ IDO580 displayed no variation in PPO activity. In the F 3:4 populations derived from PI 117635/IDO377s, and the reciprocal IDO377s/PI 117635, normal distributions of low to high PPO activity were observed. Fieldgrown populations (F 3:5 ; F 3:6 ) derived from IDO377s crosses were analyzed for PPO activity and used to determine whether lines with nil PPO activity were generated. Of 239 lines, 154 were verified to have PPO activity that was not significantly different from the low PPO durum (Triticum turgidum var durum) cultivar 'Ben'. PCR analysis showed that the populations were fixed for a putative low PPO allele at Ppo-A1. Using markers for Ppo-D1, it was found that the average PPO activity of lines with 490 bp PCR fragments from PPO29 was significantly lower than that of lines with 560 bp fragments from STS01. These results disagreed with that predicted from previous reports for markers for Ppo-D1 alleles. Thus, breeders should exercise caution when making selections using markers for alleles at Ppo-D1, as known markers might predict erroneous phenotypes and genotypes in some wheat backgrounds.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 46%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 43%

Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents

2012

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“…In food products derived from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), PPO is a major contributor to time-dependent discoloration (Baik et al 1995;Kruger et al 1994;Feillet et al 2000;Singh and Sheoran 1972). Levels of PPO activity in wheat grain vary among different cultivars and breeding lines, and PPO activity is also influenced by environment (Baik et al 1994;Park et al 1997). PPO activity can be measured on flour or whole seed using either oxygen consumed (Marsh and Galliard 1986) or the production of colored products (spectrophotometric method).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 40%

Inheritance of grain polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in multiple wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic backgrounds

2012

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Grain polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity can cause discoloration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) food products. Five crosses (PI 117635/Antelope; Fielder/ NW03681; Fielder/Antelope; NW07OR1070/Antelope; NW07OR1066/OR2050272H) were selected to study the genetic inheritance of PPO activity. STS markers, PPO18, PPO29 and STS01, were used to identify lines with putative alleles at the Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 loci conditioning low or high PPO activity. ANOVA showed significant genotypic effects on PPO activity (P \ 0.0001) in all populations. The generations and generation 9 genotype effects were not significant in any population. A putative third (null) genotype at Ppo-A1 (no PCR fragments for PPO18) was discovered in NW07OR1066 and NW07OR1070 derived populations, and these had the lowest mean PPO activities. Results demonstrated that both Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 loci affect the kernel PPO activity, but the Ppo-A1 has the major effect. In three populations, contrary results were observed to those predicted from previous work with Ppo-D1 alleles, suggesting the markers for Ppo-D1 allele might give erroneous results in some genetic backgrounds or lineages. Results suggest that selection for low or null alleles only at Ppo-A1 might allow development of low PPO wheat cultivars.

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“…Baik et al (1994) found that, within a cultivar, large seeds had higher PPO activity (on a weight basis) than smaller seeds. Polyphenol oxidase activity has also been related to the maturity of the seed (Taneja et al 1974;Kruger 1976).…”

Section: Seed-to-seed Variation and Sample Sizementioning

confidence: 48%

“…Polyphenol oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of polyphenol compounds in wheat to quinones, which undergo further rearrangement, non-enzymatic oxidation, and polymerization to produce brown colored melanins (Stauffer 1987). Polyphenol oxidase is predominantly found in the outer layers of wheat kernels (Taneja et al 1974;Marsh and Galliard 1986;Baik et al 1994). …”

mentioning

confidence: 46%

Measuring polyphenol oxidase activity in a wheat breeding program

McCaig¹,

Fenn²,

Knox³

et al. 1999

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 1999. Measuring polyphenol oxidase activity in a wheat breeding program. Can. J. Plant Sci. 79: 507-514. High levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) have been associated with discoloration of end-use products of wheat, especially certain noodle types. Two whole-seed methods of measuring PPO, one based on 10 mM tyrosine as substrate and the other on 90 mM catechol, were examined and modified to determine their potential as screening tools in large-scale breeding programs. Thirteen spring wheat and two spring triticale genotypes were used to compare the methods. Both methods could measure PPO on individual seeds. All genotypes displayed large seed-to-seed variation for PPO with both substrates. The mean coefficient of variation for the PPO values of individual seeds within genotypes was 39% with tyrosine and 34% with catechol. Furthermore, the PPO values of individual seeds within genotypes were not normally distributed for most genotypes. Identifying genotypes with incremental improvements in PPO would probably require measurement of 70-100 seeds. Approximately 50% of the catecholase activity was associated with the water extract after soaking seeds for 16 h, while all of the tyrosinase activity was still associated with the seed, suggesting that different enzymes are responsible for oxidizing tyrosine and catechol in wheat. While the 10 mM tyrosine assay was nondestructive and allowed plants to be generated from seeds low in PPO, 90 mM catechol reduced germination to less than 20%. Reducing the catechol to 30 mM improved germination to 85%, did not substrate-limit the reaction, and reduced the health risk associated with the assay. Spectral and kinetic differences between the assays were also considered. . Des niveaux élevés de polyphénol oxydase (PPO) ont été associés avec la coloration anormale des produits du blé, en particulier certains types de nouilles. Deux méthodes de mesure sur le grain entier utilisant comme substrat, l'une un milieu à 10 mM de tyrosine, l'autre à 90 mM de catéchol, étaient comparées puis modifiées pour déterminer leur utilité comme outil de triage dans les grands programmes de sélection génétique. Treize génotypes de blé de printemps et deux de triticale de printemps étaient utilisés pour comparer les deux méthodes. Chacune de ces dernières a permis de mesurer la PPO sur des grains individuels. Dans les deux substrats tous les génotypes manifestaient de fortes variations de la PPO d'un grain à l'autre. Le coefficient moyen de variation des valeurs PPO à l'intérieur d'un même génotype était de 39 % avec la tyrosine et de 34 % avec le catéchol. En outre, pour la plupart des cultivars étudiés, ces valeurs ne suivaient pas une distribution normale. L'identification de génotypes possédant des valeurs PPO plus élevées demanderait probablement un échantillon de 70 à 100 grains. Approximativement 50 % de l'activité catécholasique était associé à l'extrait aqueux obtenu par trempage des grains pendant 16 h, alors que l'activité de la tyrosinase était encore entière-ment associée avec le grain, f...

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Comparison of Polyphenol Oxidase Activities in Wheats and Flours from Australian and U.S. Cultivars

Cited by 79 publications

References 0 publications

Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents

Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents

Inheritance of grain polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in multiple wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic backgrounds

Measuring polyphenol oxidase activity in a wheat breeding program

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