Comparison of Predatory Behavior in Five Species of Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae)

Russo, Raymond J.

doi:10.1093/aesa/79.4.715

Cited by 31 publications

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“…(1987) e RODRIGUEZ & REYES-VILLANEUVA (1992. Em criadouros naturais como ocos de árvore, esta espécie apresentou resistência às oscilações do nível de água, estando adaptada a ambientes secos (Russo 1986). Com a distribuição uniforme das chuvas e com a adaptação às condições de seca desta espécie, este fator meteorológico não pode ser indicado como limitante durante o período analisado.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Ocorrência de Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon) e Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) theobaldi (Dyar & Knab) em ocos de árvore em capão de mata, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

Silva

Lozovei

1999

Rev. Bras. Zool.

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ABSTRACT. Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon) and Toxorhyncllites (Lyncltiella) theobaldi (Dyar & Knab) frequency in tree boles, in a forest at Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. The activities were performed at a preserved forest named "Capão da Imbuia", in the urban area ofCuritiba, Paraná, Brazil, during march/1990 till march march/1991. The tree holes studied, showed different features: soil distance, area and volume. 303 immatures forms from seven specie ofCulicidae were caught: Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon, 1924), Culex (Culex) acharistus Root, 1927, Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) theobaldi (Dyar & Knab, 1906), Culex (Culex) eduardoi Casal & Garcia, 1968, Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say, 1823, Aedes (Protomacleaya) ferrens (Walker, 1856). Two species were the most frequent: Haemagogus (C.) leucocelaenus and Toxorhynchites (L.) theobaldi, both ofthem had the higlest medias during spring and summer. These species were in overposition during the caughts.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

“…em criadouros naturais, como ocos de árvore, apresentou relação diretamente proporcional à superfície disponível para oviposição e à taxa de oviposição das presas (Russo 1986;ARREDONDO-BERNAL & REYES-VILLANUEVA 1989).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Ocorrência de Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon) e Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) theobaldi (Dyar & Knab) em ocos de árvore em capão de mata, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

Silva

Lozovei

1999

Rev. Bras. Zool.

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“…Wasteful killing, in which aquatic prey are killed but not eaten, has been identified in several genera and species of odonate nymphs and in larvae of many species of the mosquito genus Toxorhynchites (Corbet 1999, Russo 1986). Wasteful killing in odonates is density dependent (Johnson et al 1975) and, in the treehole habitats of the giant damselfly Megaloprepus coerulatus, killing of conspecifics has been shown to reduce competition for larval food (Fincke 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wasteful killing in odonates is density dependent (Johnson et al 1975) and, in the treehole habitats of the giant damselfly Megaloprepus coerulatus, killing of conspecifics has been shown to reduce competition for larval food (Fincke 1994). Among Toxorhynchites spp., wasteful killing is most often observed in the terminal instar and is most intense among prepupae, peaking in incidence 1-2 days prior to pupation and coinciding with a decrease in prey consumption (Lounibos 1979, Russo 1986, Lounibos et al 1998). Corbet and Griffiths (1963) proposed that killing by prepupae protected the vulnerable pupal stage of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis from predation by conspecifics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, experiments to validate the vulnerable pupal hypothesis have yielded equivocal results (Corbet 1985). Russo (1986), who referred to the phenomenon as surplus killing after Kruuk (1972), suggested that this behavior might be a form of 'inhibition' competition which deprives competing Toxorhynchites spp. larvae of prey, thereby slowing development and increasing cannibalism of early instars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surplus Killing by Predatory Larvae of Corethrella appendiculata: Prepupal Timing and Site-Specific Attack on Mosquito Prey

et al. 2008

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Surplus or 'wasteful' killing of uneaten prey has been documented in the fourth larval instar of various species of the mosquito genus Toxorhynchites that occur in treeholes and other phytotelmata. Here we document surplus killing by the predatory midge Corethrella appendiculata, which in Florida cohabits treeholes and artificial containers with larvae of Toxorhynchites rutilus. Provided with a surfeit of larval mosquito prey, surplus killing was observed only in the fourth instar of C. appendiculata, peaking in intensity in the final 24 h prior to pupation, as observed for Toxorhynchites spp. Attack sites identified from videotaped encounters with mosquito prey were divided among head, thorax, abdomen, and siphon. Consumed mosquito larvae (n = 70) were attacked primarily on the head (46%) or siphon (34%), but surplus-killed prey (n = 30) were attacked predominantly on the thorax (83%). Despite its independent evolution among different insect species in aquatic container habitats, the functional significance of prepupal surplus killing remains unclear.

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A parasite's modification of host behavior reduces predation on its host

Soghigian

Valsdottir

Livdahl

2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Parasite modification of host behavior is common, and the literature is dominated by demonstrations of enhanced predation on parasitized prey resulting in transmission of parasites to their next host. We present a case in which predation on parasitized prey is reduced. Despite theoretical modeling suggesting that this phenomenon should be common, it has been reported in only a few host–parasite–predator systems. Using a system of gregarine endosymbionts in host mosquitoes, we designed experiments to compare the vulnerability of parasitized and unparasitized mosquito larvae to predation by obligate predatory mosquito larvae and then compared behavioral features known to change in the presence of predatory cues. We exposed Aedes triseriatus larvae to the parasite Ascogregarina barretti and the predator Toxohrynchites rutilus and assessed larval mortality rate under each treatment condition. Further, we assessed behavioral differences in larvae due to infection and predation stimuli by recording larvae and scoring behaviors and positions within microcosms. Infection with gregarines reduced cohort mortality in the presence of the predator, but the parasite did not affect mortality alone. Further, infection by parasites altered behavior such that infected hosts thrashed less frequently than uninfected hosts and were found more frequently on or in a refuge within the microcosm. By reducing predation on their host, gregarines may be acting as mutualists in the presence of predation on their hosts. These results illustrate a higher‐order interaction, in which a relationship between a species pair (host–endosymbiont or predator–prey) is altered by the presence of a third species.

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Comparison of Predatory Behavior in Five Species of Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Ocorrência de Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon) e Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) theobaldi (Dyar & Knab) em ocos de árvore em capão de mata, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

Ocorrência de Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon) e Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) theobaldi (Dyar & Knab) em ocos de árvore em capão de mata, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

Surplus Killing by Predatory Larvae of Corethrella appendiculata: Prepupal Timing and Site-Specific Attack on Mosquito Prey

A parasite's modification of host behavior reduces predation on its host

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