Comparison of Presettlement, Second-growth and Old-growth Forest on Six Site Types in the Illinois Shawnee Hills

Fralish, James S.; Crooks, Fred B.; Chambers, Jim L.; Harty, Francis M.

doi:10.2307/2426234

Cited by 94 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In these studies, understory competition (Lorimer et al, 1994), often facilitated by widespread and dispersed high-grading (Kittredge et al, 2003) and a decrease in fire disturbance (Abrams, 1992), in combination with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herbivory (Rooney and Waller, 2003, have been suggested as contributing to a decline in oak regeneration and general ''mesophication'' of forests (Nowacki and Abrams, 2008) and homogenization of functional classes, or groupings of plants with similar responses to environmental conditions, has occurred (Hanberry et al, 2012). As found elsewhere in some areas of the midwestern and eastern U.S. (Whitney and Davis, 1986;Fralish et al, 1991;Nowacki et al, 1990), the red oak species group was historically not as dominant as white oak in the Driftless Area and was found to increase in dominance following European settlement. We found that more recently, the red oak species group has seen a similar trend as white oak in decreasing dominance, likely due, in part, to continued fire suppression and selective logging that favors later-successional species and species sensitive to fire (Abrams, 2003).…”

Section: Decrease In White Oak Dominancementioning

confidence: 96%

Forest change in the Driftless Area of the Midwest: From a preferred to undesirable future

Knoot

Shea

Schulte

et al. 2015

Forest Ecology and Management

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In the midwestern and eastern U.S., oaks (Quercus spp.) have been a dominant component of forests for at least the last 10,000 years, providing vital habitat for numerous wildlife and plant species that have adapted to oak forest conditions. However, the current state of these oak systems, in which there has been a general lack of successful oak regeneration and recruitment and an increase in the relative dominance of mesophytic species, may be nearing critical thresholds. If reached, restoring oak systems through natural regeneration and other methods, such as prescribed fire, may become especially challenging if not impossible. An understanding of spatial variation in oak dominance over time can inform and potentially improve the efficacy of intervention strategies. Using Public Land Survey and Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) inventories, we evaluated changes in the composition of timberland across ecoregional subsections in the Driftless Area of the Midwest at three time periods (pre-settlement 1800s, 1990s, and 2000s). We identified an overall decrease in oak dominance, and particularly dominance of the white oak (Quercus alba L., Q. macrocarpa Michx., and Q. bicolor Willd.) species group since the presettlement era, and an increase in other eastern soft hardwoods. Within the last 20 years, both the red oak (Q. rubra L., Q. ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill and Q. velutina Lam.) and white oak species groups decreased in dominance, with an increase in hard maple-basswood (A. saccharum Marsh., A. nigra L., and Tilia americana L.) species group dominance, indicating further mesophication of forests in the region. However, we found a notable decrease in hard maple-basswood relative dominance within the small diameter class across most of the regions within the last 10-20 years, with an increase in dominance of other, non-oak, species. Our findings complement qualitative evidence from interviews with natural resource professionals from the region and offer further information on the potential for forest conversion to ''undesirable'' forest conditions, as identified as a source of concern by some professionals. There was spatial variation in these trends, however, with some pronounced differences across adjacent state boundaries. The variation in forest change across state boundaries suggests the role of state-level socioeconomic and policy factors in affecting forest conditions, and thus the potential for a targeted and timely approach to promoting preferred pathways of change. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. a b s t r a c tIn the midwestern and eastern U.S., oaks (Quercus spp.) have been a dominant component of forests for at least the last 10,000 years, providing vital habitat for numerous wildlife and plant species that have adapted to oak forest conditions. However, the current state of these oak systems, in which there has been a general lack of successful oak reg...

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Section: Decrease In White Oak Dominancementioning

confidence: 96%

Forest change in the Driftless Area of the Midwest: From a preferred to undesirable future

Knoot

Shea

Schulte

et al. 2015

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…The additional cost of growing containerized seedlings could not be justified in this study. Enrichment planting will require competition control in the lower canopy to successfully augment natural regeneration (Chambers andothers 1987, Nix and. By 1986 research at the USDA Forest Service Laboratory at Stoneville had shown repeatedly that certain bottomland oaks can be successfully established via planting 1-to 3-year-old seedlings and controlling weeds.…”

Section: Mycorrhizae and Oakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oak Regeneration: Serious Problems Practical Recommendations (Symposium Proceedings)

Loftis¹,

McGee²

1993

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Twenty six papers dealing with the problems and opportunities associated with artificial and natural regeneration of the oak resources are presented. Subject matter, titles of papers, and authors were carefully selected to provide the best available coverage of the state-of-the-art of oak regeneration. The use trade or company names of products or services in the Proceedings is for the benefit of the reader. Such use does not constitute an endorsement or approval of any service or product by the symposium sponsors to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Remarks about pesticides appear in some of t?ze papers eontained in these Proceedings. Publication of these ts does not comtitute erutorsemerat or recommendation ofthem by any ofthe conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated byReprinted July 1996 Published by:Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, I?. C . PrefaceThese ProceeBings are in partid fulfillment of a Technology Transfer Plan on oak agreed to by a number of parties in 1988. The plan called for a symposium on oak regeneration. Oral presentations based upon the papers in these proceedings were delivered on September 9th and loth, 1992, in Knoxville, Tennessee.A Core Team was selected to administer and implement the Technology Transfer Plan, and this Core Team served as the Steering Committee for the symposium. An outline for the symposium on oak regeneration was developed and approved by the Core Team, which then approved the subject for each paper and decided upon the most appropriate author to write and present the paper. The primary objective was to carefully structure a program that would address the problems and opportunities associated with oak regeneration. A secondary objective was to evaluate the procedures used in this effort as means of achieving technology transfer.Each of the papers in the Proceedings received technical and editorial review; all were made in the form of suggestions, however. Therefore, the content and accuracy of each paper is the responsibility of the author. Overall, the Core Team feels that these papers accurately reflect the state of the art for oak regeneration today. The Team suggests that each reader take into account that some conclusions and recommendations are reached and made in a very dynamic environment. It is expected that this symposium fills the need for "results now. "The Core Team wishes to thank the sponsors, authors, and reviewers. The Team especially appreciates the moderators who not only added their own expertise and credibility to the program but did an excellent job keeping the demanding schedule intact. shipbuilding. With the advent of technical forestry in this country there were references in early papers and textbooks to oak regeneration and the shelterwood method. This interest was primarily for academic study and followed European descriptions, but some of the earliest oak regeneration research related to concerns about areas without advance reprod...

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“…All dependent variables that were significant by multiple regression were analyzed further by analysis of variance (ANOV A) using section of the park as a nominal variable (Steel and Torrie 1960 Agee 1991;Dale and Doyle 1987;Fain et al, 1994;Fralish et al, 1991;Glitzenstein et al 1990;Greller et al 1990;Gutte 1990;Kowarik 1990;Levenson 1981;McBride and Jacobs 1986;Nowacki and Abrams 1992;Palik and Pregitzer 1992;Peart et al 1992;Peterken and Game 1984;Peterken and Jones 1989;Rudnicky and McDonnell 1989;Sharp et al 1986;Sukopp 1972;Weaver and Kellman 1981;White et al 1990;Whitney 1986;Yost et al 1991;Zipperer et al 1990). Some investigators found that forests resulting from clearcuts or burns appear to be very similar to pre-disturbance forests (Glitzenstein et al 1990;Leak and Smith 1996;Weaver and Kellman 1981;White et al 1990), whereas others have reported that present day regrown mature forests represent very different communities from pre-settlement forests Dzwonko and Lester 1989;Fralish et al 1991;Greller et al 1990;Nowacki and Abrams 1992;Palik and Pregitzer 1992;Peterken and Game 1984;RudnickY' and McDonnell 1989;Sachse et al 1990;…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some investigators found that forests resulting from clearcuts or burns appear to be very similar to pre-disturbance forests (Glitzenstein et al 1990;Leak and Smith 1996;Weaver and Kellman 1981;White et al 1990), whereas others have reported that present day regrown mature forests represent very different communities from pre-settlement forests Dzwonko and Lester 1989;Fralish et al 1991;Greller et al 1990;Nowacki and Abrams 1992;Palik and Pregitzer 1992;Peterken and Game 1984;RudnickY' and McDonnell 1989;Sachse et al 1990;Seidling 1990;Yost et al 1991). Both fire management Fralish et al 1991;Nowacki and Abrams 1992;Palik and Pregitzer 1992) and the introduction of exotic species (Greller et al 1990;Sachse et al 1990;Seidling 1990;Yost et al 1991) have been implicated as reasons for differences in forest structure. Other causes proposed include the effects of trampling, predation, and pollution (Kubikova 1990;Rudnicky and McDonnell 1989).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Urbanization and Human Disturbance Upon Plant Community Structure and Bird Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance in a Natural Forested Area (Forest Park) in Portland, Oregon

Broshot¹

2000

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Forested Area (Forest Park) in Portland, Oregon.The effects of urbanization and continual human disturbance on the plant and avian communities of Forest Park and forested lands surrounding Portland, Oregon, were studied. I examined characteristics of plant and avian communities at 25 sites, 24 which were in Forest Park and surrounding areas and one which was in the Ancient Forest Preserve (old-growth stand) northwest of Forest Park. Data were analyzed using multiple regression, ANOV A, and Bonferonni/Dunn. Seven variables were selected representing different urbanization gradients. An additional covariable coded for the old-growth stand, allowing it to be used as a control.Many tree variables, especially those related to shade-tolerant species, were positively correlated with both the distance from downtown Portland and the number of houses in the surrounding area, and negatively correlated with the distance from the nearest forest edge; however, many shrub and herbaceous variables were negatively correlated with the distance from downtown Portland. Species diversity for herbaceous and shrub species was greater at more urban sites, but diversity of trees was lower at more urban sites. There were significantly more non-native species of plants in the city section. I found significantly fewer saplings and small trees, especially shade-tolerant species, in the section of Forest Park closest to downtown Portland, although tree mortality was positively correlated with distance from Portland.Summer bird data revealed significant increases in the abundances of urban and edge species at more urban sites, with concomitant reductions in forest species. There were significantly more ground gleaning birds and short distance migratory species.I also found a significantly greater abundance of birds in the old-growth stand during the winter. This increase was positively correlated with the depth of snow in the nearby Cascade Mountains.My results indicate that Forest Park is apparently progressing in a normal successional pattern with the exception of the city section. The reduction in shade tolerant saplings and small trees in the city section suggest that rate of succession has been slower at more urban sites. Avian data suggest that urbanization affects bird species abundance and guild composition in the more urban areas. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Comparison of Presettlement, Second-growth and Old-growth Forest on Six Site Types in the Illinois Shawnee Hills

Cited by 94 publications

References 21 publications

Forest change in the Driftless Area of the Midwest: From a preferred to undesirable future

Forest change in the Driftless Area of the Midwest: From a preferred to undesirable future

Oak Regeneration: Serious Problems Practical Recommendations (Symposium Proceedings)

The Effects of Urbanization and Human Disturbance Upon Plant Community Structure and Bird Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance in a Natural Forested Area (Forest Park) in Portland, Oregon

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