Comparison of pulmonary autopsy findings of the rats drowned at surface and 50ft depth

Toklu, Akın Savaş; Alkan, Nevzat; Gürel, Aydın; Çimşit, Maide; Haktanır, Damla; Körpınar, Şefika; Pürisa, Sevim

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.010

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In particular, we quantitatively evaluated pulmonary emphysema using ImageJ software; among obese rats, the values thus obtained were significantly greater in group PD rats than in the dead rats from group AD (Table 1, Figure 6). Previous studies have indicated that intravascular bubbles and pulmonary emphysema are formed as a result of postmortem decompression [5,18]. However, the present results indicate the potential utility of this quantitative technique in distinguishing between divers who have died before surfacing and divers who have died shortly after surfacing.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Autopsy diagnosis of decompression illness in rats by quantifying pulmonary emphysema

Fukasawal¹,

Ihama²,

Ninomiya³

et al. 2013

RJML

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Objectives. In medico-legal autopsy related to decompression illness (DCI) in divers, it is important to differentiate between postmortem decompression and antemortem decompression; however, definitive criteria for autopsy diagnosis of DCI remain to be established. We aimed to clarify autopsy findings that would aid the diagnosis of DCI.Methods. A total of 27 Wistar and 33 Zucker fatty male rats were categorized into 3 groups: antemortem decompression group (group AD), postmortem decompression group (group PD), and controls. The AD and PD rats were subjected to antemortem compression (both groups) followed by antemortem and postmortem decompression, respectively, in a hyperbaric chamber. Control rats were kept at atmospheric pressure. Intravascular bubbles and histopathological findings in the 3 groups were compared, and pulmonary emphysema was quantified using ImageJ software.Results. Intravascular bubbles were observed in both AD and PD groups. In group AD, prolonged hyperbaric exposure increased mortality, intravascular bubbles, and pulmonary emphysema, with Zucker fatty rats showing more marked changes than Wistar rats. Further, intravascular bubbles and pulmonary emphysema in the dead rats were quantitatively greater than those in the rats that survived decompression. Moreover, in Zucker fatty rats, pulmonary emphysema was quantitatively significantly greater in group PD than that in the dead rats of group AD.Conclusion. Our results indicate that the quantitative evaluation of pulmonary emphysema can potentially distinguish postmortem decompression from antemortem decompression. This technique may be useful in autopsy diagnosis of divingrelated deaths, including DCI.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Autopsy diagnosis of decompression illness in rats by quantifying pulmonary emphysema

Fukasawal¹,

Ihama²,

Ninomiya³

et al. 2013

RJML

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“…The reduction of brain oxygen supply and the increase of carbon dioxide in the blood consequent to prolonged breath-holding dives may lead to severe brain injury and eventually drowning induced by black-out, at least in animal models (Toklu et al, 2006;Fahlman, 2017) and humans (Modell, 2010;Dujic and Breskovic, 2012). The complex physiological conditions that take place during Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of blood circulation during diving in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The role of the retia mirabilia

Bonato

Bagnoli

Centelleghe

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The retia mirabilia are vascular nets composed of small vessels dispersed among numerous veins, allowing blood storage, regulation of flow and pressure damping effects. Here, we investigated their potential role during the diving phase of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). To this effect, the whole vertebral retia mirabilia of a series of dolphins were removed during post-mortem analysis and examined to assess vessel diameters, and estimate vascular volume and flow rate. We formulated a new hemodynamic model to help clarify vascular dynamics throughout the diving phase, based on the total blood volume of a bottlenose dolphin, and using data available about the perfusion of the main organs and body systems. We computed the minimum blood perfusion necessary to the internal organs, and the stroke volume and cardiac output during the surface state. We then simulated breath-holding conditions and perfusion of the internal organs under the diving-induced bradycardia and reduction of stroke volume and cardiac output, using 10 beats min −1 as the limit for the heart rate for an extended dive of over 3 min. Within these simulated conditions, the retia mirabilia play a vital role as reservoirs of oxygenated blood that permit functional performances and survival of the heart and brain. Our theoretical model, based on the actual blood capacity of the retia mirabilia and available data on organ perfusion, considers the dynamic trend of vasoconstriction during the diving phase and may represent a baseline for future studies on the diving physiology of dolphins and especially for the blood supply to their brain.

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“…In goat carcasses, however, pressures up to 0.079 bar have been recorded (Li et al 2003). These pressure values correspond to submersion depth in water of 0.35 and 0.79 m. In the case of ichthyosaur carcasses that sank to the bottom of the Toarcian epeiric sea in Europe, potential hydrostatic pressures corresponding to a water depth of 50-150 m would reach 5-15 bar (Boyle's law; e.g., Haglund and Sorg 2002;Toklu et al 2006;Tomita 1975). It is highly unlikely that intraabdominal pressures in the most common European ichthyosaur Stenopterygius quadriscissus (which usually attained 1.5-2.9 m in length; e.g., von Huene 1922; McGowan and Motani 2003) exceeded these values, and therefore, "carcass explosion" was impossible in greater water depths, close to or at the water surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Float, explode or sink: postmortem fate of lung-breathing marine vertebrates

Reisdorf

Bux

Wyler

et al. 2012

Palaeobio Palaeoenv

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What happens after the death of a marine tetrapod in seawater? Palaeontologists and neontologists have claimed that large lung-breathing marine tetrapods such as ichthyosaurs had a lower density than seawater, implying that their carcasses floated at the surface after death and sank subsequently after leakage of putrefaction gases (or ''carcass explosions''). Such explosions would thus account for the skeletal disarticulation observed frequently in the fossil record. We examined the taphonomy and sedimentary environment of numerous ichthyosaur skeletons and compared them to living marine tetrapods, principally cetaceans, and measured abdominal pressures in human carcasses. Our data and a review of the literature demonstrate that carcasses sink and do not explode (and spread skeletal elements). We argue that the normally slightly negatively buoyant carcasses of ichthyosaurs would have sunk to the sea floor and risen to the surface only when they remained in shallow water above a certain temperature and at a low scavenging rate. Once surfaced, prolonged floating may have occurred and a carcass have decomposed gradually. Our conclusions are of significance to the understanding of the inclusion of carcasses of lung-breathing vertebrates in marine nutrient recycling. The postmortem fate has essential implications for the interpretation of vertebrate fossil preservation (the existence of complete, disarticulated fossil skeletons is not explained by previous hypotheses), palaeobathymetry, the physiology of modern marine lung-breathing tetrapods and their conservation, and the recovery of human bodies from seawater.

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Comparison of pulmonary autopsy findings of the rats drowned at surface and 50ft depth

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Autopsy diagnosis of decompression illness in rats by quantifying pulmonary emphysema

Autopsy diagnosis of decompression illness in rats by quantifying pulmonary emphysema

Dynamics of blood circulation during diving in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The role of the retia mirabilia

Float, explode or sink: postmortem fate of lung-breathing marine vertebrates

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