Comparison of Radiographic Measurements of the Femur in Yorkshire Terriers with and without Medial Patellar Luxation

Abstract

Yorkshire Terriers affected with grade IV MPL had severe femoral deformities or femoral varus and external rotation of the distal femur. Reference range can be used as an aid in diagnosis, determining indications and surgical planning for corrective osteotomy.

Evaluation of the Femoral and Tibial Alignments in Dogs: A Systematic Review

“…Soparat et al [ 30 ], found no significant difference in ICA values in Pomeranians with and without MPL. The same results were reported by Olimpo et al [ 35 ], for different small-breed dogs; Yasukawa et al [ 36 ], for Toy Poodles; Lusetti et al [ 39 ], for English bulldogs; Newman and Voss, [ 40 ], for English Staffordshire bull terriers; Perry et al [ 41 ], for a combination of different dog breeds; Phetkaew et al [ 43 ], for Chihuahuas; and Žilinčík et al [ 44 ], for Yorkshire terriers. Perry et al [ 41 ], reported a significant association between increased ICA values and postoperative complications in dogs that had undergone MPL surgery.…”

“…Eleven articles from a total of 29 articles were included in this group. The second group consisted of studies that compared the femoral and tibial alignments in different dog breeds with and without different orthopedic diseases, such as cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture, different grades of medial or lateral patellar luxation (MPL or LPL respectively), and osteoarthritis [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Eighteen articles were contained in the second group.…”

“…Fourteen studies were performed on medium-to-large-breed dogs [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 37 , 39 , 40 ]. Eight studies evaluated small-breed dogs [ 24 , 30 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], and 14 studies evaluated a combination of small and large breeds [ 25 , 26 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 41 ]. The number of dogs included in the studies is demonstrated in Figure 2 , categorized according to the dog breeds.…”

“…The dogs in the included studies had different health statuses. Nine studies reported the measured values in healthy dogs [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 31 ]; however, 20 studies investigated dogs with and without different orthopedic diseases, such as CrCL rupture [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 38 ], different grades of MPL or LPL [ 28 , 30 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], and other orthopedic diseases such as hip dysplasia [ 27 ]. The main goal of these studies was to assess the influence of the mentioned orthopedic disease on the hind limb alignments.…”

“…In 2018, Phetkaew et al [ 43 ] reported a significant difference in aLPFA and mLPFA values between CT scans and craniocaudal and caudocranial radiographs in healthy Chihuahuas. Žilinčík et al [ 44 ], reported that the mean aLPFA values in Yorkshire terriers with grade 4 MPL were significantly lower than those in other MPL groups. The aLPFA and mLPFA values observed in dogs with MPL are shown in Table 7 .…”