Comparison of Real-World Emissions from Two-Wheelers and Passenger Cars

Vasic, Ana-Marija; Weilenmann, Martin

doi:10.1021/es0481023

Cited by 81 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This can be explained by the VOC emission factor (g kg −1 fuel ) (EF) for motorcycles which is much higher (360 g km −1 ) than the factor of gasoline vehicles (8.50 g km −1 ) (EEA, 2005). This could be mainly explained by the considerable employ of two-cycle engines in MPD, which emit more HC than the general four-cycle machines (Vasic and Weilenmann, 2006).…”

Section: Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of land use on urban mobility patterns, emissions and air quality in a Portuguese medium-sized city

Bandeira

Coelho

Sá

et al. 2011

Science of The Total Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of urban development trends in mobility patterns of a medium sized Portuguese city and air quality consequences, using a sequential modeling process, comprising i) land use and transportation, TRANUS model; ii) road traffic air pollutants emissions, TREM model and; iii) air quality, TAPM model. This integrated methodology was applied to a medium sized Portuguese city. In order to evaluate the implementation of the methodology, a preliminary study was performed, which consisted on the comparison of modeled mobility patterns and CO and PM 10 concentrations with measured data used in the definition of the current scenario. The comparison between modeled and monitored mobility patterns at the morning peak hour for a weekday showed an RMSE of 31%. Regarding CO concentrations, an underestimation of the modeled results was observed. Nevertheless, the modeled PM 10 concentrations were consistent with the monitored data. Overall, the results showed a reasonable consistency of the modeled data, which allowed the use of the integrated modeling system for the study scenarios. The future scenarios consisted on the definition of different mobility patterns and vehicle technology characteristics, according to two main developing trends: (1) "car pooling" scenario, which imposes a mean occupancy rate of 3 passengers by vehicle and (2) the "Euro 6" scenario, which establishes that all vehicles accomplish at least the Euro 6 standard technology. Reductions of 54% and 83% for CO, 44% and 95% for PM 10 , 44% and 87% for VOC and 44% and 79% for NO x emissions were observed in scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. Concerning air quality, a reduction of about 100 μg m −3 of CO annual average concentration was observed in both scenarios. The results of PM 10 annual concentrations showed a reduction of 1.35 μg m −3 and 2.7 μg m −3 for scenarios 1 and 2 respectively.

show abstract

Section: Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of land use on urban mobility patterns, emissions and air quality in a Portuguese medium-sized city

Bandeira

Coelho

Sá

et al. 2011

Science of The Total Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Effects of ME Treatment Alone and ME Plus Vit E Cotreatment on the Testes ME contains volatile organic compounds, PAHs, as well as fine and ultrafine particles (Yang et al, 2005a;Vasic and Weilenmann, 2006;Chang and Chen, 2008), which can travel deep into the lungs and cause systemic adverse effects. ME-mediated reproductive effects were first reported in our group using a rat inhalation study (Huang et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…466 vehicles/km 2 ) in Taiwan is nearly the highest in the world (R.O.C., 2012). Motorcycle engines, especially 2-stroke engines, are characterized by incomplete gasoline combustion; therefore, their exhaust presents a significantly greater contribution to air pollution than the exhaust from 4-stroke motorcycles and passenger cars (Vasic and Weilenmann, 2006). To date, the air pollution and health effects caused by motorcycle exhaust (ME) have been largely underestimated and ignored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic Analysis of the Effects of Motorcycle Exhaust on Rat Testes and Liver

Lin

Liang

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Motorcycles are one of the primary means of transportation in many Asian metropolitan areas. Exposure to motorcycle exhaust (ME) has been shown to cause male reproductive toxicity in a rat inhalation model. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms underlying ME-induced male reproductive toxicity were examined in a rat model using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Rats were treated with 1:10-diluted ME for 1 hour in the morning and 1 hour in the afternoon, daily, via head-nose-only exposure chambers, for a period of four weeks. Half of the ME-exposed rats were co-treated with vitamin E to examine its protective effects. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolites from the testes and liver were extracted for 1 H and J-resolved NMR analyses. The obtained NMR spectra were converted into series of spectral binned areas and subjected to orthogonal projections to latent structure-discriminant analyses. Decreased spermatid counts and elevated levels of betaine in the testes of rats in the ME-treated group were partially attenuated by vitamin E co-treatment. Although it was not statistically significant, we observed a consistent trend of partial reversal of the elevated levels of alanine, glycine, leucine, tyrosine, and valine in the testes of rats in the ME-treated group due to vitamin E co-treatment. Decreases in testicular ethanolamine and inositol were only significant in the group co-treated with ME and vitamin E. The testicular toxicity of ME may be due to alterations in lipid-and energy-related metabolism. We conclude that ME generates greater metabolic responses in the testes than in the liver. Treatment with vitamin E can partially reverse the molecular events in the testes.

show abstract

“…The present investigation focused on these specific vehicles for several reasons. The two-wheeler class, in fact, is very utilised as widespread means of quotidian moving in main Asian and European cities, in which motorcycles and mopeds represent a large proportion of motorised vehicles [13,14]. In recent years, powered two-wheelers accounted for about 32 million vehicles in the EU-27, making up around 8% of the urban vehicle fleet [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A numerical–experimental approach to assess emission performance of new generation engines during the cold transient

Iodice¹,

Senatore²

2016

Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Modern vehicles equipped with a spark ignition engine come with fuel injection and electronic mixture control, in combination with a three-way catalyst: as a result, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon cold emissions represent a significant share of total emissions if compared with those given off in hot conditions, so implying direct consequences on the air quality of metropolitan areas. The purpose of this research is to investigate the engine efficiency and emissive performance of last generation engines during the cold-start phase. For this aim, an experimental-analytical procedure was optimised and applied to study the cold emission behaviour of two motorcycles, characterised by similar technical specifications; the exhaust emissions of these motorcycles were measured on a chassis dynamometer in the laboratories of the National Research Council (CNR-Italy). By using this calculation procedure and the emission results measured during the experimental tests, the duration of the cold phase and the total emissions released during the cold-start transient were evaluated for carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. The average values of cold emission factors and warm-up transient durations obtained for unburned hydrocarbons were 1.05 g/km and 162 s, respectively. Regarding carbon monoxide, the average values of cold emission factors and warm-up transient durations were 14.9 g/km and 152 s, respectively. The results of this study are very useful for better characterising the emission levels of the last generation motorcycles under real urban conditions.

show abstract

Comparison of Real-World Emissions from Two-Wheelers and Passenger Cars

Cited by 81 publications

References 4 publications

Impact of land use on urban mobility patterns, emissions and air quality in a Portuguese medium-sized city

Impact of land use on urban mobility patterns, emissions and air quality in a Portuguese medium-sized city

Metabolomic Analysis of the Effects of Motorcycle Exhaust on Rat Testes and Liver

A numerical–experimental approach to assess emission performance of new generation engines during the cold transient

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About