Comparison of Respiration in Adult<i>Harmonia axyridis</i>Pallas and<i>Hippodamia convergens</i>Guerrin-Manaville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

ACAR, Emrah; Mill, D. D.; Smith, Bruce N.; Hansen, Lee D.; Booth, Gary M.

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-34.2.241

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…biosynthesis) of H. axyridis is maximized at low temperatures of around 5°C whilst the catabolic rate is maximized at 25–30°C [22], [41]. The lower developmental threshold for H. axyridis larvae is about 11°C (as measured on a diverse range of food types and in several populations) [23], [42], [43].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and Timing during Ontogeny Matter: Effects of a Temporary High Temperature on Survival, Body Size and Colouration in Harmonia axyridis

Knapp

Nedvěd

2013

PLoS ONE

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The ambient temperature experienced during development is a crucial factor affecting survival and adult phenotype in ectotherms. Moreover, the exact response of individuals to different temperature regimes is frequently sex-specific. This sex-specific response can result in varying levels of sexual dimorphism according to the experienced conditions. The majority of studies have investigated the effects of temperature on individuals reared under a constant temperature regime throughout their whole preimaginal development, whereas information on stage-dependent variation in temperature effects is scarce. Here we investigate how the stage at which elevated temperature is experienced influences survival, adult body size and colouration in the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis form succinea. The effects of timing of exposure to elevated temperature on the adult phenotype are assessed separately for males and females. Control individuals were reared at a constant temperature of 20°C. Beetles in other treatments were additionally exposed to 33°C for 48 hours during the following developmental stages: egg, 1st to 2nd larval instar, 3rd larval instar, 4th larval instar and pupa. Exposure to an elevated temperature during the early developmental stages resulted in lower survival, but the adult phenotype of survivors was almost unaffected. Exposure to an elevated temperature during the later developmental stages (4th larval instar or pupa) resulted in the decreased melanisation of elytra, decreased structural body size and increased dry mass. Furthermore, the timing of high temperature exposure affected the degree of sexual dimorphism in elytral melanisation and dry mass. We demonstrate that the effects of elevated temperature can vary according to the developmental stage at exposure. Detailed information on how ambient temperature affects the developmental biology of ectotherms is crucial for modeling population growth and predicting the spread of invasive species such as Harmonia axyridis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and Timing during Ontogeny Matter: Effects of a Temporary High Temperature on Survival, Body Size and Colouration in Harmonia axyridis

Knapp

Nedvěd

2013

PLoS ONE

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“…On the 6th day after the mating trial, each male was placed in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube containing a small air hole and placed in a 408C water bath for 1 h (stressful conditions for these beetles, Acar et al 2005). Males were returned to room temperature and provided with 75 ml distilled water daily.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(ii) Male post-mating survival Following the mating trial, we maintained the experimental males on the assigned low-or high-food treatment and assayed their survival after exposure to a physiological stress. On the 6th day after the mating trial, each male was placed in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube containing a small air hole and placed in a 408C water bath for 1 h (stressful conditions for these beetles, Acar et al 2005). Males were returned to room temperature and provided with 75 ml distilled water daily.…”

Section: (B) Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Condition-dependent ejaculate size and composition in a ladybird beetle

Perry

Rowe

2010

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Sexually selected male ejaculate traits are expected to depend on the resource state of males. Theory predicts that males in good condition will produce larger ejaculates, but that ejaculate composition will depend on the relative production costs of ejaculate components and the risk of sperm competition experienced by low-and high-condition males. Under some conditions, when low condition leads to poorer performance in sperm competition, males in low condition may produce ejaculates with higher sperm content relative to their total ejaculate and may even transfer more sperm than high-condition males in an absolute sense. Previous studies in insects have shown that males in good condition transfer larger ejaculates or more sperm, but it has not been clear whether increased sperm content represents a shift in allocation or simply a larger ejaculate, and thus the condition dependence of ejaculate composition has been largely untested. We examined condition dependence in ejaculate by manipulating adult male condition in a ladybird beetle (Adalia bipunctata) in which males transfer three distinct ejaculate components during mating: sperm, non-sperm ejaculate retained within the female reproductive tract, and a spermatophore capsule that females eject and ingest following mating. We found that high condition males indeed transferred larger ejaculates, potentially achieved by an increased rate of ejaculate transfer, and allocated less to sperm compared with low-condition males. Low-condition males transferred ejaculates with absolutely and proportionally more sperm. This study provides the first experimental evidence for a condition-dependent shift in ejaculate composition.

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“…This model has been successfully applied to determine growth rates (R A ) and substrate carbon conversion efficiencies (ε) in many studies of plant tissues [14][15][16][17][18] and in a few studies of insects [19][20][21][22]. An example of the data obtained on tomato and cabbage leaf tissue is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Calorespirometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological calorimetry and the thermodynamics of the origination and evolution of life

Hansen

Criddle

Battley

2009

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Calorimetric measurements on biological systems from small molecules to whole organisms lead to a new conception of the nature of live matter that has profound consequences for our understanding of biology. The data show that the differences in Gibbs energy (ΔG) and enthalpy (ΔH) are near zero or negative and the difference in entropy (ΔS) is near zero between a random mixture of molecules and live matter of the same composition. A constant input of energy is required to maintain ion gradients, ATP production, and the other functions of living matter, but because cells are organized in a spontaneous process, no energy input is required to maintain the structure or organization of cells. Thus, the origin of life and evolution of complex life forms occurs by thermodynamically spontaneous processes, carbon-based life should be common throughout the universe, and because there is no energy cost, evolution can occur relatively rapidly.However, observations on biological systems challenge Schrödinger's model. Despite the assumed formidable energy and entropy costs, life did originate at least once, and possibly more than once [2]. Second, energy from catabolism is not transferred into new tissue during growth; catabolic reactions are used in driving (i.e., increasing the rates of) anabolic reactions but do not contribute to an overall higher-energy state in the anabolic products [2,3]. Third, live matter exists in a state of suspended animation or in a state with an extremely low rate of respiration for extended lengths of time without energy input (e.g., see [4][5][6][7]), for example, microorganisms, resurrection plants, seeds, spores, estivating animals, bdelloids, and inhabitants of desert ephemeral pools. Fourth, experimental data show that life does not always feed on negentropy [8]. And, evolutionary changes occur with frequencies that are difficult to envision if change to more complex life forms requires formation of ever-lower-entropy, higher-energy, metastable states.Explication of the reaction defining the thermodynamic system in which live matter is formed from nonliving matter resolves the apparent inconsistencies between Schrödinger's model for live matter and these observations. Schrödinger [1] did not explicitly define the reaction used to conclude that the entropy of live matter is lower than that of the "foodstuffs" from which it was formed. The product is clearly living cells, tissues, or an organism, but the state of the live matter and what is meant by "foodstuffs", i.e., the reactants, are not clear. Is the live matter an animal in motion or is it an embryo in a seed in a state of suspended animation? In autotrophs, "foodstuffs" could mean CO 2 , H 2 O, and N 2 , or it could mean the substrates for respiration such as carbohydrates and amino acids. Whether living tissues are in a high-or a low-energy state is relative to the reactants and thus depends on the system considered.Comparison of a random mixture of molecules in aqueous solution and live matter of the same composition is the appropriate...

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Comparison of Respiration in AdultHarmonia axyridisPallas andHippodamia convergensGuerrin-Manaville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Gender and Timing during Ontogeny Matter: Effects of a Temporary High Temperature on Survival, Body Size and Colouration in Harmonia axyridis

Gender and Timing during Ontogeny Matter: Effects of a Temporary High Temperature on Survival, Body Size and Colouration in Harmonia axyridis

Condition-dependent ejaculate size and composition in a ladybird beetle

Biological calorimetry and the thermodynamics of the origination and evolution of life

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