Comparison of selected lipophilic compound residues in honey and propolis

Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment

“… GC-μECD: “initial furnace temperature is 80 °C (1 min), then with increases of 20 °C min-1 to 240 °C and 5 min wait at this temperature, then with increases of 5 °C min-1 to 270 °C and increases of 20 °C min-1 to 300 °C and kept at this temperature for 3.5 min” [ 279 ] Honey and propolis 13 Propolis: 0.49–1.11; Honey: 0.54–1.02 Propolis: 85.9–105.6; Honey: 89.9–106.3 Propolis: <14.4; Honey: <12.9 GC-MS: “Splitless, The GC oven was initially maintained for 2 min at 70 °C, and then the temperature was increased to 150 °C at 25 °C/min. Then, it was increased to 200 °C at 5 °C/min (held for 5 min), increased to 270 °C at 5 °C (held for 2 min), and finally increased to 290 °C at 25 °C/min (held for 5 min)” [ 324 ] Propolis 13 0.16–0.37 0.49–1.11 85.9–107.2 <11.5 GC-MS: “The temperature program began at 70 °C (2 min), raised to 150 °C at 25 °C/min, ramped to 200 °C for 5 min at 5 °C/min, was further increased to 270 °C (2 min) at 5 °C/min, and lastly 290 °C for 5 min at 5 °C/min” [ 325 ]KKUU Honey 14 0.01–0.04 0.04–0.12 81.4–111.4 2.0–11.2 GC-MS/MS-TQ: “Splitless, initial temperature 70 °C (held for 1 min), raised to 160 °C at 10 °C/min, then raised to 240 °C at 2 °C/min, and finally increased to 280 °C at 20 °C/min (held for 6 min)” [ 326 ] Honey bees, bee bread, honey (HBH) 18 IDL: 0.015–0.33; MDL: (HBH): 0.015–0.165; soil&flower: 0.006–0.066 >90 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature program was: 100 °C held for 1 min, followed by an increase of 5 °C/min to 150 °C, held for 1 min, increase 1.5 °C/min to 240 °C, and then 10 °C/min to 300 °C, held for 10 min” [ 327 ] Low density polyethylene sheet 22 0.00–0.31 57%-104 GS Micromass MS-MS: “Samples were h...…”

The concentrations of selective endocrine disruptors in milk from different lactation periods of cows

“…To extract target EDCs from milk, we used a modi ed method developed by Simsek et al (2021). Two g of milk sample was weighed separately in screwed glass tubes with glass beads in it, and was homogenized for 15 min by adding 5-mL acetonitrile, and kept in an ultrasonic bath at room temperature for 10 min.…”

“…Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are substances highly stable to chemical and biological degradation, non-degradable for a long time, and are well soluble in lipids (Simsek et al 2021). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are environmental pollutants nowadays in the POP category by the International Stockholm Convention of their endocrine-disrupting effects and their persistence and lipophilic properties (Stockholm Convention 2022).…”

Propolis Contra Pharmacological Interventions in Bees

“…This review shows considerable gaps in data regarding residues in propolis of VMPs approved for use in bee colonies in the EU, when compared to the number of reports on residues of environmental origin [ 38 , 58 ], biological properties [ 59 ], antimicrobial activity [ 60 , 61 , 62 ], antioxidant activity [ 61 , 63 ], and chemical composition [ 64 ]. In addition to well-known ways of using propolis for the production of so-called over-the-counter (OTC) preparations, supplements, drugs, ointments, and cosmetics [ 65 , 66 ], propolis shows great potential for applications in the medical sector related to treatment of diseases, including Parkinson’s disease [ 67 ], allergies [ 68 ], cancer [ 69 ], or COVID-19 [ 70 ].…”