Comparison of serum lipid compositions, lipid peroxide, α-tocopherol and lipoproteins in captive marine mammals (bottlenose dolphins, spotted seals and West Indian manatees) and terrestrial mammals

Kasamatsu, Masahiko; Kawauchi, Rieko; Tsunokawa, Masatoshi; Uchida, Eiji; Oikawa, Shin; Higuchi, Hidetoshi; Kawajiri, Takaaki; Uchida, Senzo; Nagahata, Hajime

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.07.006

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The concentrations of several exogenous low molecular weight antioxidants (vitamins, carotenoids) are also higher in diving than in non-diving mammals and birds. Plasma content of -tocopherol is higher in dolphins than in dogs or cows (Kasamatsu et al 2009). Plasma scavenging capacity against peroxyl radical is higher in emperor and Adélie penguins than in polar skuas or snow petrels (Corsolini et al 2001).…”

Section: Diving Vs Non-diving Endotherms Insights From Comparative Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Coping with physiological oxidative stress: a review of antioxidant strategies in seals

et al. 2012

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While diving, seals are exposed to apnea-induced hypoxemia and repetitive cycles of ischemia/reperfusion. While on land, seals experience sleep apnea, as well as prolonged periods of food and water deprivation. Prolonged fasting, sleep apnea, hypoxemia and ischemia/reperfusion increase oxidant production and oxidative stress in terrestrial mammals. In seals, however, neither prolonged fasting nor apnea-induced hypoxemia or ischemia/reperfusion increase systemic or local oxidative damage. The strategies seals evolved to cope with increased oxidant production are reviewed in the present manuscript. Among these strategies, high antioxidant capacity and the oxidant-mediated activation of hormetic responses against hypoxia and oxidative stress are discussed. In addition to expanding our knowledge of the evolution of antioxidant defenses and adaptive responses to oxidative stress, understanding the mechanisms that allow adapted mammals to avoid oxidative damage has the potential to advance our knowledge of oxidative stress-induced pathologies and to enhance the translative value of biomedical therapies in the long term.

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Section: Diving Vs Non-diving Endotherms Insights From Comparative Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Coping with physiological oxidative stress: a review of antioxidant strategies in seals

et al. 2012

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“…Ceteceans have increased blood levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH), one of the most important nonenzymatic ROS scavengers (Wilhelm Filho et al 2002; García-Castañeda et al 2017). Similarily, the blood levels of vitamin E (α-tocopherol), which acts as a nonenzymatic antioxidant by protecting against peroxidation (Niwa 1999), is elevated in bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) compared to its terrestrial sister taxa (Kasamatsu et al 2009). ROS scavenging enzymes include glutathione peroxidase (GPX) which consumes hydrogen peroxide, glutathione reductase (GRS) which recycles glutathione from glutathione disulfide, superoxide dismutase (SOD) which scavenges superoxide radicals, and glutathione- S -transferase (GST) which catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione (Birben et al 2012; Wilhelm Filho et al 2002; Dröge 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Contraction of the ROS Scavenging Enzyme GlutathioneS-Transferase Gene Family in Cetaceans

Tian

Seim

2019

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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Cetaceans are a group of marine mammals whose ancestors were adaptated for life on land. Life in an aquatic environment poses many challenges for air-breathing mammals. Diving marine mammals have adapted to rapid reoxygenation and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated reperfusion injury. Here, we considered the evolution of the glutathione transferase (GST) gene family which has important roles in the detoxification of endogenously-derived ROS and environmental pollutants. We characterized the cytosolic GST gene family in 21 mammalian species; cetaceans, sirenians, pinnipeds, and their terrestrial relatives. All seven GST classes were identified, showing that GSTs are ubiquitous in mammals. Some GST genes are the product of lineage-specific duplications and losses, in line with a birth-and-death evolutionary model. We detected sites with signatures of positive selection that possibly influence GST structure and function, suggesting that adaptive evolution of GST genes is important for defending mammals from various types of noxious environmental compounds. We also found evidence for loss of alpha and mu GST subclass genes in cetacean lineages. Notably, cetaceans have retained a homolog of at least one of the genes GSTA1 , GSTA4 , and GSTM1 ; GSTs that are present in both the cytosol and mitochondria. The observed variation in number and selection pressure on GST genes suggest that the gene family structure is dynamic within cetaceans.

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“…This may be indicative of dolphins having more capacity for lipolysis and lipid utilization as an additional energy source for aerobic ATP usage and regeneration, since they require more energy, and may have higher adipose stores as compared to horses [16,17]. The difference in adipose stores between horses and dolphins may be possibly related to the type and quality of their diets [18][19][20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Oxidative Energy Metabolism and Plasma LDH Isoenzyme Patterns of Dolphins

Hirakawa¹

2012

TOVSJ

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Abstract:In this study, oxidative energy metabolism was determined in 5 captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and subsequently compared to 6 Thoroughbred riding horses, and 12 lactating Holstein cows in order to assess symmorphosis of each animal species. Plasma metabolites profile, plasma MDH (M) and LDH (L) activities, M/L ratio, and plasma LDH isoenzyme distribution patterns were all examined. Overall, dolphins appear to have the greatest level of oxidative energy metabolism amongst horses and cows, due to having the greatest levels of plasma MDH activity. In addition, dolphin energy production/usage efficiency, via oxidative metabolism, was considered to be second (M/L ratio = 0.49) behind that of horses (M/L ratio = 0.79), possibly due to an increased reliance of non-oxidative energy metabolism over horses. In spite of demonstrating the lowest oxidative energy production/usage efficiency (M/L ratio = 0.15), cows also demonstrated the highest plasma LDH activity amongst all animal species. Although all animal groups displayed differing plasma LDH isoenzyme distribution patterns, dolphins and horses demonstrated a similarity with LDH-3 isoenzyme predominating in plasma; whereas LDH-1 isoenzyme predominates in cow plasma, thus inferring differences in oxidative/non-oxidative metabolism for energy generation/usage. Therefore, plasma MDH and LDH activity levels, M/L ratio, and plasma LDH isoenzyme pattern can all be useful indicators for better understanding oxidative energy metabolism and monitoring of captive animals' health. As it is not easy to obtain tissue samples from animals, the development of blood indicators for evaluating whole body metabolic state is necessary.

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Comparison of serum lipid compositions, lipid peroxide, α-tocopherol and lipoproteins in captive marine mammals (bottlenose dolphins, spotted seals and West Indian manatees) and terrestrial mammals

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Coping with physiological oxidative stress: a review of antioxidant strategies in seals

Coping with physiological oxidative stress: a review of antioxidant strategies in seals

Contraction of the ROS Scavenging Enzyme GlutathioneS-Transferase Gene Family in Cetaceans

Determination of Oxidative Energy Metabolism and Plasma LDH Isoenzyme Patterns of Dolphins

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