Comparison of shelf-stable and conventional resuscitation products in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock

Abstract

Introduction Treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock typically involves hemostatic resuscitation with blood products. However, logistical constraints often hamper the wide distribution of commonly used blood products like whole blood. Shelf-stable blood products and blood substitutes are poised to be able to effectively resuscitate individuals in hemorrhagic shock when more conventional blood products are not readily available. Methods Purpose-bred adult dogs (n = 6) were anesthetized, instrumented, and subjected to hemorrhagic shock (MAP <50 mmHg or 40% blood volume loss). Then each dog was resuscitated with one of five resuscitation products: (1) lactated ringers solution and hetastarch (LRS/heta), (2) canine chilled whole blood (CWB), (3) fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and packed red blood cells (pRBC), (4) canine freeze-dried plasma (FDP) and hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC), or (5) HBOC/FDP and canine lyophilized platelets (LyoPLT). Each dog was allowed to recover after the hemorrhage resuscitation event and was then subjected to another hemorrhage event and resuscitated with a different product until each dog was resuscitated with each product. Results At the time when animals were determined to be out of shock as defined by a shock index <1, MAP (mm Hg) values (mean ± standard error) were higher for FFP/pRBC (n = 5, 83.7 ± 4.5) and FDP/HBOC+LyoPLT (n = 4, 87.8. ± 2.1) as compared to WB (n = 4, 66.0 ± 13.1). A transient increase in creatinine was seen in dogs resuscitated with HBOC and FDP. Albumin and base excess increased in dogs resuscitated with HBOC and FDP products compared to LRS/heta and CWB (p < 0.01). Conclusion Combinations of shelf-stable blood products compared favorably to canine CWB for resolution of shock. Further research is needed to ascertain the reliability and efficacy of these shelf-stable combinations of products in other models of hemorrhage that include a component of tissue damage as well as naturally occurring trauma. Level of Evidence This is a Therapeutic/Care management study with Level of Evidence IV